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Object recognition > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

Psychological processes that select from among all the information available to us at any given moment.

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2
Q

Do we recognize or remember most of what we perceive?

A

NO

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3
Q

What is selective attention?

A
  • processes a subset of the available attention

- Focuses on some information and ignores the rest.

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4
Q

What is reaction time?

A
  • a measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.
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5
Q

How does attention effect RT?

A
  • if attention is in the right place, RT will decrease (faster)
  • if attention is not in the right place, RT will increase (slower)
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6
Q

What is a cue?

A
  • a stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be
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7
Q

What are different aspects of a cue?

A

it can be:

  • Valid (correct)
  • Invalid (incorrect)
  • Neutral (uninformative)
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8
Q

What is stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)

A
  • the time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another
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9
Q

What does the Posner cuing task tell us?

A

Response times are:

  • fastest on valid trials
  • middle on neutral cues
  • slowest on invalid trials
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10
Q

What is the spotlight model?

A

attention is in one region of space
moves from one point to the next
areas in the spotlight get extra processing

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11
Q

What is the zoom lens model?

A

same as the spotlight model except that attended region can grow or shrink.

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12
Q

What is a visual search task?

A

Look for a target in a display containing distracting elements

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13
Q

What are components in a visual search task?

A

target: what you’re looking for
distractor: any other stimulus
set size: the number of items through which you must search

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14
Q

What are the three types of search tasks?

A

orientation- easy
color- easy
conjunction- harder

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15
Q

What is search efficiency?

A
  • RT as a function of set size
  • search slope in milliseconds/item
  • The larger the search slope (more ms/item), the less efficient the search
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16
Q

What do the slopes tell us about search efficiency?

A

Some searches are efficient- small slopes

Some searches are inefficient- large slopes

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17
Q

What is a feature search?

A

Search for a target defined by a single attribute such as a salient color or orientation

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18
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

processing multiple stimuli at the same time (all-at-once)

19
Q

What is a serial search?

A

Searching items one-at-a-time.

20
Q

What is a conjunction search?

A

: A search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes
No single feature defines the target

21
Q

What is a guided search?

A

Search by restricting attention to a subset of items.

22
Q

How can you restrict a guided search?

A

color
size
shape
(about 10–20 other types of features)

23
Q

What is the binding problem?

A

combining a multiple properties of and object together- look at slide.

24
Q

What is the feature integration theory?

A

Theory of visual attention:

  • Attention is not required for certain basic object features.
  • Attention is required for other features, and for binding features together
25
Q

What is preattentive processing?

A
  • Before attention
  • Parallel (all-at-once)
  • Only basic features can be identified
26
Q

What it attentive processing?

A
  • Uses attention
  • Serial (one-at-a-time)
  • Complex features and feature combinations
27
Q

What is the prediction of pre attentive processing?

A

That preattentive processing only provide features without binding them together.

28
Q

What is an illusory conjunction?

A

Incorrect combination of two features in a visual scene.

29
Q

What is anne trainman take on feature integration theory?

A

Preattentive processing- based on individual features (color, shape, orientation)
Attentive processing- attention binds features together into a single, whole object. ( green square tilted to the left)** look at slides.

30
Q

How do binding and attention work together?

A
  • we do not see an object as a whole object until we attend to it.
  • without attention, we perceive just a loose collection of features (or parts)
31
Q

What is Rapid Serial Visual Presentation(RSVP)

A

An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear one after the other in rapid succession.
Used to study the the timing of attention.

32
Q

What is the attentional bling?

A

We often miss the 2nd target if it appears 200–500 ms after the 1st target.

33
Q

What does attention do to regions of space in the brain?

A

Attention to a region of space changes activity of neurons in V1.

34
Q

What does attention do to types of objects?

A

Attention enhances the processing of a specific type of stimulus.

35
Q

What is the fusiform face area of the brain?

A

Responds strongly to faces and less to other kinds of objects

36
Q

What is the Parahippocampal place area of the brain

A

Responds strongly to scenes (a.k.a., “places”, like a house, room, street corner, or landscape).

37
Q

What does attention have to do with Neural processing

A

Attention can affect which areas of the brain are active.

The areas relevant to whatever is attended become increasingly active.

38
Q

What components go into the physiology of attention?

A 
Enhancement
Strengthen neural responses. 
Sharper tuning
More focused neural tuning functions.
Altered tuning
Shift neural tuning functions.
39
Q

What is a visual field defect?

A

Brain injury that leads to loss of vision in part of the visual field

Usually from damage to optic nerve, optic tract, or primary visual cortex

40
Q

What is neglect?

A

Brain injury that leads to no loss of vision, but to a loss of attention to part of the visual field

Often results from damage to the parietal lobe

41
Q

What does contralesional field mean?

A

the visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion

42
Q

What does Ipsilesional field mean?

A

the visual field on the same side as the brain lesion.

43
Q

What is object based neglect?

A

Some neglect patients neglect one side of an object rather than one side of the visual field.

44
Q

What is extinction?

A

When a patient with neglect attends to a stimulus on his/her “good” side, he/she cannot attend to a stimulus on the other side.

Object recognition (5 decks)

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