Attention and Feedback

Question 1

what is attention?

Answer 1

fixed pool of mental resources available for information processing

Question 2

overt vs covert attention

Answer 2

overt uses gaze fixation and covert does not

Question 3

if demands exceed attention resources:

Answer 3

takes will become more difficult; cannot multi-task

Question 4

what is selective attention?

Answer 4

ability to select a subset of information from larger set ex. listening to one headphone

Question 5

what is sustained attention?

Answer 5

ability to maintain direct focus during continuous or repetitive activity ex. RT task of specific number press

Question 6

what is divided attention?

Answer 6

ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks ex. dual-task

Question 7

how do we allocate attentional resources?

Answer 7

ensure completion of one task, meaningfulness of event (bottom-up control) and momentary intentions (top-down control - higher level)

Question 8

what is highway hypnosis?

Answer 8

sustained attention causing failure to maintain vigilance and detect stimulus and divided attention due to intensity of all attended elements is lost

Question 9

what is controlled processing?

Answer 9

slow, attention demanding, serial and volitional ex. taping head and rubbing stomach

Question 10

what is automatic processing?

Answer 10

fast, not attention demanding, organized in parallel and involuntary ex. pro saccade

Question 11

what is the psychological refractory period?

Answer 11

increased time to respond to stimulus when presented closely after other stimulus (reached point of no return) ex. bottleneck theory

Question 12

sport example of PRP:

Answer 12

fake-out; S1 (fake) would go into bottleneck and S2 would not be comprehended until S1 is complete

Question 13

sensorimotor integration and attention:

Answer 13

increase in cortical excitability of attended body part ex. MEP in hand, overt attention will increase excitability

Question 14

what is associative focus:

Answer 14

focus on bodily sensations generated by performance

Question 15

what is dissociative focus?

Answer 15

blocking out bodily sensations from performance ex. pain

Question 16

what is broad focus:

Answer 16

focus on many aspects of performance (divided attention)

Question 17

what is narrow focus?

Answer 17

focus on subset of performance aspects (selective attention)

Question 18

what is internal focus?

Answer 18

focus on the body’s actions

Question 19

what is external focus?

Answer 19

focus on the outcome achieved by the body’s actions

Question 20

benefits of external focus:

Answer 20

results in greater learning; retention is higher

Question 21

what is the constrained action hypothesis?

Answer 21

use of internal focus causes interference in automatic process results in decreased performance (integration/organization is disrupted)

Question 22

support for CAH:

Answer 22

external focus is related to task automaticity, increased correction of body movements and more efficient motor planning (faster)

Question 23

evidence against CAH:

Answer 23

internal focus is better for novices; increased attention to task and focus of attention

Question 24

attention and motor control:

Answer 24

external focus improves accuracy but increases trial by trial variability (to explore different kinematic approaches)

Question 25

key consideration of external focus:

Answer 25

focus should be closer to the body and increase distance away as skill progresses

Question 26

what is choking under pressure?

Answer 26

occurs in high pressure situation; increase in self-consciousness and creates internal focus causing disruption of automatic skill; also creates a dual-task environment (demand exceeds mental resources)

Question 27

what is feedback?

Answer 27

information that performer received related to skill performance

Question 28

intrinsic vs extrinsic feedback

Answer 28

intrinsic is internal information generated (proprioception, exteroceptive); extrinsic is not self-generated (from coach/teammate)

Question 29

KR feedback:

Answer 29

extrinsic feedback related to outcome; critical if there is lack on intrinsic feedback

Question 30

KP feedback:

Answer 30

extrinsic feedback related to movement characteristics used; shows positive and negative aspects of movement

Question 31

descriptive vs prescriptive KP:

Answer 31

descriptive is about prior movement and prescriptive is used in future movements

Question 32

characteristics of feedback:

Answer 32

general (novice), specific (expert), qualitative (novice), quantitative (expert), external focus (both), internal focus (none), correctness or error

Question 33

what is concurrent feedback?

Answer 33

KP only, feedback during movement; no errors so little learning occurs

Question 34

feedback after movement:

Answer 34

can be KR or KP, more effective in producing sustained changes, allows time for reflection

Question 35

what is the feedback delay interval?

Answer 35

time after movement for learner to reflect internally then providing feedback (delayed KR or KP)

Question 36

what is post-feedback delay interval?

Answer 36

time after feedback is given to the learner to allow them to process internally and find way to use the feedback for next movement

Question 37

augmented feedback:

Answer 37

creates feedback dependency and can hinder learning; guides behaviour towards incorrect movement

Question 38

faded feedback:

Answer 38

feedback frequency is high in early practice and reduced; makes learner generate intrinsic feedback

Question 39

bandwidth feedback:

Answer 39

feedback when errors go out of certain range of correctness (tolerance range); decreased error feedback unless they are very off

Question 40

summary feedback:

Answer 40

feedback about series of trials; cannot associate feedback to specific trial; encourages intrinsic feedback; some limitation with working memory (qualitative)

Question 41

average feedback:

Answer 41

augmented feedback that presents average of two or more trials; shows error tendency (quantitative)

Question 42

learner-determined feedback:

Answer 42

schedule of feedback is determined by the learner

Question 43

motivating feedback:

Answer 43

KR encourages practice, shows increased retention of skill and accuracy with positive feedback