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Psychology Units 1&2 > Attention and Perception (Chapter 8) > Flashcards

Attention and Perception (Chapter 8) Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

is the process of focusing on specific stimuli whilst ignoring and therefore excluding others.

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2
Q

selective attention

A

focusing our mental resources on one stimulus at the exclusion of other stimuli.

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3
Q

divided attention

A

splitting attention across two or more stimuli at the same time.

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4
Q

sustained attention

A

also known as vigilance, involves maintaining a high degree of attention over a prolonged period.

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5
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception is determined by incoming sensory info, moving from specific stimulus info to general knowledge.

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6
Q

top-down processing

A

perception is driven by prior knowledge and expectations, moving from general knowledge (schemas) to specific stimulus info.

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7
Q

what are the stages of perception?

A

selection
organisation
interpretation

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8
Q

what is selection

A

choosing relevant features

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9
Q

what is organisation

A

when selected features are regrouped

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10
Q

what is interpretation

A

when organised sensory info is understood and given meaning

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11
Q

schema

A

our pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that helps us organise and interpret new info

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12
Q

salient

A

distinctive, prominent or important

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13
Q

perception

A

is the process by which we interpret and give meaning to sensory info.

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14
Q

visual perception

A

meaningfully interpreting visual stimuli

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15
Q

gestalt principles

A

a set of principles that allow us to organise and group separate visual stimuli into a meaningful whole.

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16
Q

what are the 4 gestalt principles?

A

figure-ground
closure
similarity
proximity

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17
Q

figure-ground

A

the tendency to perceive some figures as being at the front of an image (foreground) and others as falling into the background.

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18
Q

closure

A

tendency to mentally complete images that are otherwise incomplete.

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19
Q

similarity

A

the tendency to perceive parts of the visual image that have similar features as belonging together in one group, unit or ‘whole’

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20
Q

proximity

A

the tendency to group items in an image based on their physical closeness to one another

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21
Q

binocular depth cues

A

depth cues that rely on information from both eyes.

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22
Q

what are the two binocular depth cues?

A

retinal disparity and convergence

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23
Q

retinal disparity

A

refers to the difference or disparity between the different images received on the retina of either eye.

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24
Q

convergence

A

when the brain detects depth from changes that occur In the eye muscle.

25
Q

monocular depth cues

A

cues to assist the perception of depth that only requires information from one eye.

26
Q

what are the three monocular depth cues?

A
  • accommodation
  • pictorial depth cues
  • motion parallax
27
Q

motion parallax

A

when the perception of movement is used to gauge how far away things are.

28
Q

accommodation

A

when the brain receives info about the lens changing, and uses this info to infer the distance of an object from the eye.

29
Q

pictorial depth cues

A

monocular depth cues that allow us to perceive depth/distance in a two-dimensional image

30
Q

what are the 5 pictorial depth cues?

A
  • linear perspective
  • relative size
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
  • height in visual field
31
Q

linear perspective

A

is based on the apparent convergence of parallel lines as the lines recede into the distance

32
Q

relative size

A

the tendency to perceive the object that makes a larger retinal image as being closer than the object that produces a smaller retinal image

33
Q

interposition/ overlap

A

indicates that if one object partially obscures the retinal image of another object, then it must be closer to the observer.

34
Q

texture gradient

A

the tendency to perceive objects with less detailed surface features as being further away than objects with more detailed surface features.

35
Q

height in visual field

A

indicates that objects that are closer to the horizon are perceived as being further away from the observers

36
Q

visual constancies

A

principles that help maintain the perception of the world as stable despite changes cast onto the retinal image.

37
Q

visual perception principles

A

the rules that are applied to assist in making consistent meaning to visual information

38
Q

what are the three types of visual constancies?

A

size, shape and brightness

39
Q

size constancy

A

involves recognising that an object’s actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of the retinal image

40
Q

shape constancy

A

is the tendency to perceive the shapes of objects as being stable despite changes to the shape of an object as cast on the retina.

41
Q

brightness constancy

A

is the tendency to visually perceive an object as being the same despite it appearing a different colour/shade

42
Q

perceptual set

A

the predisposition to perceive an object in a way that is consistent with our expectations.

43
Q

biological factors that affect visual perception

A

accommodation
convergence
pictorial depth cues

44
Q

psychological factors that affect visual perception

A

visual constancies
gestalt principles
pictorial depth cues

45
Q

social factors that affect visual perception

A

cultural norms

46
Q

cultural norms

A

a standard, value or rule that outlines an appropriate behaviour or experience within a culture

47
Q

gustatory perception

A

is a multisensorial process that relies on info from both our taste buds and our sense of smell

48
Q

taste buds

A

located around papilla on the tongue and contain taste receptors

49
Q

biological factors that affect taste

A

age and genetic

50
Q

how does taste sensation work?

A

chemical molecules from food combine with the saliva on our tongues and stimulate the taste receptors within our taste buds

51
Q

why does ageing affect our taste?

A

sensitivity to taste diminishes as we age

52
Q

how do genetics affect taste?

A

some people are supertasters and have an increased sensitivity to taste and other people are non-tasters and have a decreased sensitivity to taste.

53
Q

psychological factors that affect taste

A

appearance
food packaging

54
Q

how does appearance affect the taste?

A

colour and shape
when colours are changed accurate assessment of flavours is lowered and are perceived as having something wrong.
round shapes are perceived to be sweet whereas cornered shapes are perceived to be more bitter and savoury

55
Q

how does food packaging affect the taste?

A

it can give the impression of higher quality food and therefore a better taste.

56
Q

Social Factors that Affect Taste

A

culture

57
Q

how does culture affect the taste?

A

different cultures are accustomed to different flavours.

58
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to interpret the world as 3-dimensional.

Psychology Units 1&2 (9 decks)

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