Attitudes

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

global evaluations of stimulus object that are based on threes sources of info: affective responses, behavioural and cognitive info.

Question 2

Three component model

Answer 2

affect behaviour and cognition effect attitude

Question 3

three component relation study

Answer 3

Breckler- real snake indicted if kind/cruel (cognition), anxious/happy (affect) and handle (Behaviour)
moderate correlation showing still independent but impact attitude

Question 4

Components vary in importance study (based on political attitudes)

Answer 4

Affect-cognitive ambivalence
one + while other -
affective plays larger role when misaligned but similar role when align

Question 5

Components vary in importance predator study

Answer 5

Stronger effect to cognitive beliefs compared to affective an behaviour

Question 6

Individual differences

Answer 6

HA HC- Dual-consistents
HA LC- Feelers
LA HC - Thinkers
LA LC- Dual-inconsistents

Question 7

Function structure model

Answer 7

which component has stronger effect based on motivation

Question 8

Function of attitudes (smith et al)

Answer 8

Object-appraisal - evaluate
Social-adjustment- guide acceptable behaviours
Externalisation - protect self esteem

Question 9

function of attitudes (Katz)

Answer 9

Knowledge and utilitarian functions (object appraisal)
ego-defensive function (self -esteem)
Value-expressive function - express guiding principals

Question 10

Why attitudes are formed

Answer 10

need for affect (approach or avoid situ
need for cognitive simplicity (seek out and enjoy cognitive activity)

Question 11

Evidence for why attitude formed

Answer 11

unfamiliar rely on affective
familiar rely on cognition
preferred thinking style plays strong influence

Question 12

Self report scales

Answer 12

semantic differential - word scales with opposite meanings
Likert scale - list of statements indicate how far agree
Thurstone scale- rank statements

Question 13

Strengths of self-report

Answer 13

Economical
easy to administer
reliable and valid

Question 14

Limitations of self-report

Answer 14

Demand characteristics
impression management

Question 15

Implicit measures of attitudes study

Answer 15

exist outside of conscious awareness and control
examine automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative attributes

Question 16

Implicit associations test

Answer 16

one side Asian other side white
then one side positive and negative
both together then flip
see which one quicker at

Question 17

First attitude and behaviour study

Answer 17

LaPierre travelled across us with Chinese couple
wrote to establishments months later and asked if accept Asian couple
only 1 said yes even though on journey only 1 establishment actually didn’t let them in

Question 18

Some examples/evidence of attitude do predict behaviour

Answer 18

recycling, healthy eating and smoking
high predictors of multiple acts of behaviour just not single types

Question 19

Theory of planned behaviour

Answer 19

Behaviour based on attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control

Question 20

What can theory of planned behaviour predict

Answer 20

Academic achievement and vaccination uptake

Question 21

Persuasion

Answer 21

Formation or change of attitudes through info processing in response to a message about the attitude object

Question 22

Low cognitive effort attitude change

Answer 22

Classical conditioning
Razran- slogan and free lunch vs unpleasant smells. Couldn’t recall where paired each slogan with but had more positive attitudes towards free lunch slogans

Question 23

High cognitive effort persuasion

Answer 23

Message learning approach
Depends on: Message source, recipient, message and channel (how communicated)
Internal mediating process - attention to comprehension to rehearsal to yielding

Question 24

What can be used to change attitudes

Answer 24

interventions with small effect size

Question 25

Dual processing models of persuasion

Answer 25

Happens through both effortful and effortless two key models elaboration likelihood heuristic-systematic

Question 26

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 26

message to audience factors to processing method to attitude change Central route - high motivation and ability so focus on quality and thus strength of argument causes change Peripheral route- Low motivation and ability so focus on attractiveness and so dependant on presence of persuasiveness cues

Question 27

Heuristic-systematic model

Answer 27

Heuristic- effortless Systematic-effortful balance between effort minimisation and confidence in judgement small confidence gap (between actual and desired) means heuristic three motivational forces - accuracy, defence and impression motivation

Question 28

Four principles in persuasion

Answer 28

Extraneous info can influence persuasion Motivation and ability effect impact Congruence between message and recipients knowledge and goals enables can occur without awareness

Question 29

Resistant to attitude change

Answer 29

ABC model don't like won't do it don't believe

Question 30

Resitting persuasion

Answer 30

Strategies- Contesting, empowerment, biased processing and avoidance Main reasons- freedom threats, concerns of deception and reluctance to change

Question 31

context of values

Answer 31

- interacts with social norms (authoritarian and humanitarian values effect by social norms towards immigrants)

Question 32

Context of goals

Answer 32

when considering behaviour goals attitudes remind us about what we like/dislike of execution and outcome

Question 33

Context of language

Answer 33

language used to describe can impact attitudes. e.g. police described as guardians or warriors

Question 34

Context of emotions

Answer 34

particular impact in political attitudes

Question 35

Context of development

Answer 35

attitudes change throughout life e.g. music preference for more upbeat music inn adolescence compared to mellower as get older age-related positivity effect- goal shift towards positive info

Question 36

Historical context

Answer 36

generations exposed broad socioeconomical changes which influence attitudes

Question 37

Culture context

Answer 37

Attitudes based on own thoughts vs what authority figures expect/social norms

Question 38

Implicit association test meta analysis

Answer 38

r=.274 for prediction of behavioural, judgement and physiological measures. better predictability with sensitive topics such as race. Then self report higher correlation between IAT and self-report the greater the predicative validity of each