Attitudes Flashcards
(52 cards)
What an attitude is:
- Ev__ of pe__, ob__, or id__.
- Relatively en__ ev__ of something
~ LeBron James or the priests of the Catholic order
~ Hummers, kumquats or pomegranates
~ Rights, immigration, protest
- As__ in memory between an at__ object (e.g., an ap__) and its ev__ (sc__!)
~ The stronger the as__, the stronger the at__.
evaluation, people, objects, ideas
enduring, evaluation
association, attitude, apple, evaluation, scrumptious
association, attitude
Some attitudes are he__.
Attitudes that scored high on heritability are: ~ab\_\_ on demand ~ro\_\_ co\_\_ rides ~de\_\_ penalty for murder etc...
heritable
abortion
roller coaster
death
Qualities of an attitude:
- Va__:
~ Can be po__, ne__, or ne__. - St__:
~Can be st__ or we__ or anywhere in be__. - Ac__ (related to st__):
~ Ea__ with which an attitude comes to mi__. ~Strength of the as__ between an ob__ and its ev__.
valence, positive, negative, neutral
strength, strong, weak, between
accessibility, strength
ease, mind
association, object, evaluation
Tr__ (3) model of attitudes:
- Af__ component:
~How you f__ about an object, person or idea
~ Preferences not often me__ by thought. - Be__ component
- Co__ component:
~ B__ you have about an object, person or idea
tripartite
affective
feel
mediated
behavioral
cognitive
beliefs
Ut__ Function of Attitudes:
-Attitudes serve ut__:
~ An attitudinal function that serves to al__ people to re__ objects and situations they should ap__ and co__ or pu__ objects or situations they should av__.
E.g., RU_! NO_!
utilitarian
utility
alert, rewarding, approach, costly, punishing, avoid
run, now
Eg_-De__ Function of Attitudes:
Attitudes may pr__ us from un__ facts or emotions.
- Mo\_\_ salience (te\_\_ management theory) ~ People value their own i_-gr\_\_ more ~ Engage in more pa\_\_. ~ Increase re\_\_ conviction. ~ Punish mo\_\_ transgressions more ha\_\_.
- Political co__ a motivated co__ to ward off an__?
(Jost et al., 2003) .
~ Resistance to ch__.
~ Acceptance of in__.
ego-defensive
protect, unpleasant
mortality, terror in-group patriotism religious moral, harshly
conservatism, cognition, anxieties
change
inequality
Do attitudes predict be__?
Initially there was worry…
- L_Pi__ (1934)
~ Traveled all over the U.S. with a Chinese couple. Chinese people were not looked upon kindly, but only _/251 establishments failed to serve them.
~ In subsequent communications, __% said they would not serve Chinese! (But over __% DID)
-What percent of people admit to going all the way to 450V for the Mi__ study? Again, at__ (not believing in hu__ others) and be__ (actually sh__ learner) were not highly co__!
behaviors
LaPiere
2
90%, 99%
Milgram, attitudes, hurting, behavior, shocking, correlated
Do attitudes predict behaviors?
Attitudes predict behavior well when: ~ Co\_\_ b/w at\_\_ me\_\_ and be\_\_. ~ When attitudes are st\_\_. ~ When attitudes are ac\_\_. ~ When si\_\_ forces are we\_\_.
correspondence, attitude measure, behavior
strong
accessible
situational, weak
(Sp__ behavior) EX: predict likelihood to recycle newspaper at ho__.
Measure attitude toward:
- helping environment ._
- recycling ._
- recycling newspaper ._
- rec newspaper in own home ._
(Ge__ behavior) EX: predict tendency to do environmental activities in ge__.
Measure attitude toward:
- helping environment ._
- recycling ._
- recycling newspaper ._
- rec newspaper in own home ._
specific home .10 .30 .40 .50
general general .50 .40 .30 .10
Do attitudes predict behaviors?
Correlations between: Birth control u__ and birth control at__.
G__ –> S__
- How do you feel about birth control? r=.__
- How do you feel about birth control pills? r=.__
- How do you feel about using birth control pills? r=.__
- How do you feel about using birth control pills over the next two years? r=.__
use, attitudes
general, specific
.08
.32
.53
.57
When Co__ of Attitudes are More Important:
Inebriated Ho__ (MacDonald, Zanna, and Fong, 1996):
- Male participants video of Mike and Rebecca out on a date
~ IV: Half of men were s__, half were in__.
~ DV: What should Mike have d__?
Results: Though sex involves both co__
and af__ factors, under certain circumstances (when in__), __ factors are primary.
components
hookup
sober, inebriated
done
cognitive, affective, inebriated, affective
When Attitudes Predict Behaviors:
Theory of Pl__ Behavior (Fishbein & Azjen, 1975):
- Attitude toward behavior:
~Sp__ at__ toward sp__ be__. - Su__ norms:
~ Will others ca__ if I perform this behavior?
~ What are the no__ concerning this behavior? - Perceived behavioral co__:
~ How ea__ can the behavior be pe__?
planned
specific attitude, specific behavior
subjective
care
norms
control
easily, performed
Theory of Pl__ Behavior:
Be__ beliefs–> at__ toward the be__–> in__
–> be__
No__ beliefs–> su__ norm->in__–> be__
Co__ beliefs–>pe__ behavioral control
–>ac__ behavioral control–> be__
planned
behavioral–>attitudes, behavior–>intention–> behavior
normative–>subjective
->intention–> behavior
control–>perceived–> actual–> behavior
Formation of Attitudes:
Where do attitudes come from?
- In part, depends on the ty__ of attitude being di__.
type, discussed
Where do attitudes come from?
Bi__ Bases:
- Fear at the sound of a hi__ large cat or gr__ mongrel.
- Fear of sp__, sn__ and ro__.
biological
hissing, growling
spiders, snakes, rodents
Where do attitudes come from?
Cl__ conditioning:
- Pairing a stimulus at first ne__ (si__ of a bully) with an un__ stimulus (getting be__ up) –> si__ of bully will elicit an af__ attitude (fe__).
- Same as li__ Al__’s fear of w__ rats.
classical
neutral, sight, unconditioned, beaten, sight, affective, fear
little albert’s, white
Where do attitudes come from?
Op__ conditioning:
- Pairing an attitude ob__ (skinny j__) with re__
(ap__ looks, en__ by peers) will eventually lead to a po__ as__ with the object.
operant
object, jeans, reinforcement, approving, envy, positive association
Where do attitudes come from?
Se__-Pe__ Theory (Bem, 1972)
- Attitudes about ou__ are often based by ob__ our own be__ and making in__.
~ I sh__ a lot, I therefore must enjoy being cl__.
~ I te__ quite a bit, I must therefore really enjoy te__.
self-perception
ourselves, observing, behavior, inferences
shower, clean
teach, teaching
Where do attitudes come from?
Exposure to is__-re__ information:
- Pr__ are me__ by the ability to at__ to a me__.
issue-relevant
processes, mediated, attend, message
External Attitude Change:
Ya__ Attitude Approach:
- Viewed attitude change as being caused by:
1) So__:
- Po__
~ Ex__
~ Tr__
~At__
2) Na__of Co__:
- Influence more likely to occur when seemingly not designed to pe__.
- Pr__ effect – Give your pe__ message fi__.
3) Ta__:
- Di__ can aid persuasion
- Low in__=more pe__.
yale
source power expertness trustworthiness attractiveness
nature, communication
persuade
primacy, persuasive, first
target
distraction
intelligence, persuasible
Internal Attitude Change:
How can attitudes be changed?
- Cognitive Di__(Festinger, 1957)
1) ~ In__ justification (when an individual can’t come up with an ex__ reason as to why they resisted doing something they wanted to, he or she decides to de__ the activity).
2) ~ Co__ advocacy (publicly communicating a belief which runs co__ to a belief that the individual ho__, can result in the individual ch__ his or her or__ belief, in order for it to be in ac__ with his or her statement.)
3) ~ Justification of ef__ (a person’s tendency to attribute a va__ to an outcome, which they had to put ef__ into achieving, gr__ than the ob__ value of the outcome.)
Key way of reducing dissonance –> At__ Ch__
Se__ Pe__ theory (Bem, 1959)
- I make at__ about myself based on my be__.
dissonance
insufficient, external, derogate
counterattitudinal, counter, holds, changing, original, accordance
effort
value, effort, greater, objective
attitude change
self perception
attributions, behavior
Attitude Change:
El__ Li__ Model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981):
- A du__-process theory!
- Suggested that pe__ can occur through two
(2) routes:
~ Ce__ route
~ Pe__ route
elaboration likelihood
dual
persuasion
central
peripheral
Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion continued.. (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981)
Peripheral Route:
- N_ mo__, n_ ab__, and n_ op__.
- ->persuasion based on n__-m__ factors, I.e., at__, em__, cr__- (L_ elaboration)
- -> at__ ch__
Central Route:
- Mo__, ab__, and op__–> persuasion based on me__ factors more du__, more pr__-H__ elaboration
- -> at__ ch__
no motivation, no ability, no opportunity
non-message, attractiveness, emotion, credibility, little
attitude change
motivation, ability, opportunity, message, durable, predictive, higher
attitude change
Attitude Change:
When a topic has low personal relevance to a person, __ ex__ of a source is equally co__ regardless of argument st__.
When a topic has high personal relevance to a person, the st__ of the argument is what matters regardless of ex__ level of source.
Basically, expertise only really matters to a person changing their attitude if the topic has __ personal relevance.
high expertise, convincing, strength
strength, expertise
low
