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audition Flashcards

1
Q

what are sound waves?

A

waves of pressure changes in air caused by the vibrations of a source

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2
Q

what is a sound cycle?

A

in a sound wave, a repeating segment of air changes

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3
Q

what physical property perceptually correlates to pitch?

A

frequency

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4
Q

how is pitch/frequency measured?

A

hertz

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5
Q

what physical property perceptually correlates to loudness?

A

amplitude

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6
Q

how is amplitude/loudness measured?

A

decibels

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7
Q

what physical property perceptually correlates to timbre?

A

waveform

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8
Q

can you measure waveform/timbre?

A

no

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9
Q

what is the young human adult sound detection range?

A

about 20 - 20,000 hertz

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10
Q

how does the amplitude threshold differ between loud and soft sounds?

A

the loudest sounds a human can hear are 1 million times the amplitude of the softest sounds

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11
Q

what is amplitude?

A

difference between the maximum and minimum sound pressure in a sound wave

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12
Q

what is loudness?

A

perceptual dimension of sound that is related to the physical dimension of amplitude; how loud or quiet a sound SEEM

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13
Q

what is decibels?

A

physical unit used to measure sound amplitutde, logarithmically related to sound pressure measured in micropascals

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14
Q

what is the absolute threshold mean?

A

the intensity of the least intense sound that can be heard

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15
Q

when is auditory sensitivity maximal?

A

in middle range, which is the range of frequencies present in most human speech sounds

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16
Q

what is pure tone?

A

sound wave in which air pressure changes over time according to a mathematical formula called a sine wave or sinusoid

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17
Q

what is hertz?

A

number of cycles per second of a sound wave

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18
Q

what is fourier show?

A

that waveforms of most periodic sounds have a more complex shape than a sine wave

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19
Q

what is harmonic?/

A

compotent frequency of a complex waveform that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency

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20
Q

what is timbre?

A

difference in sound quality between two sounds with same pitch and loudess

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21
Q

what is the illusion of the missing fundemental?

A

shows that the auditory system uses patterns of frequencies in a sounds harmonics as part of pitch perception

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22
Q

what is manner of onset and offset?

A

manner of onset (attack) and manner of offset (decay) also affect timbre perceptuon

23
Q

how does the structure of the ear help in sound processing?

A

structure transduces sound into neural signals that are sent to the brain

24
Q

what are the three parts of the brain?

A

outer, middle, inner

25
what is the pinna?
outermost portion of the ear, shape can modify incoming sound and contribute to localisation
26
what is the auditory canal?
narrow channel that funnels sound waves gathered by the pinna onto the tympanic membrane and that amplifies certain frequencies in those waves and contributes to high sensitivity to those frequencies
27
what is the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
thin, elastic diaphragm at the inner end of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to the sound waves that strike it; it forms an airtight seal between the outer ear and the middle ear
28
what are the ossicles?
three small bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) in the middle ear that transmit sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
29
what is the malleus? (hammer)
small bone in the inner ear; one of the ossicles; transmits sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the incus
30
what is the incus (anvil)?
small bone in the inner ear; one of the ossicles; | transmits sound energy from the malleus to the stap
31
what is the stapes? (stirrup)
transmits sound energy from the incus to the oval window
32
what is the oval window?
membrane-covered opening at the base of the cochlea; vibrations of the membrane transmit sound energy from the ossicles into the cochlea
33
what are the two characteristics of ear anatomy that help compensate for loss of sound energy?
- larger size of tympanic membrane concentrates sound energy in much smaller area and effectively amplifies its effect. - physical arrangement of ossicles produces a lever action that magnifies vibrations of tympanic membrane.
34
what is the eustachian tube?
tube connecting the middle ear and the top part of the throat - is normally closed but can be briefly opened to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear with the air pressure outside
35
what is the cochlea?
``` fluid filled compartment, coiled like a snail’s shell, within the temporal bone of the skull. ```
36
what do the inner hair cells do?
convey almost all information about sound | waves to the brain (afferent fibres)
37
what do outer hair cells do?
recieve information from the brain (using efferent fibers). They are involved in an elaborate feedback system
38
what is frequency represented by in the auditory system?
place and temporal code
39
what is frequency theory (temporal code)
suggests that the neurons’ firing rate matches the cycles per second (Hz) - works only on lower frequency
40
what is place code?
tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different | frequencies
41
what is the frequency tuning of auditory nerve fibres accounted for by?
the frequency tuning of the basilar membrane, a purely mechanical factor
42
why is place code beneficial?
provides relatively better frequency representation of high frequency sounds than of low-frequency sounds
43
what is temporal code based on?
on a match between the frequencies in incoming | sound waves and the firing rates of Type I auditory nerve fiber
44
what frequencies can temporal code represent?
up to 5000 Hz
45
what is place code based on?
mechanical properties of Basilar membrane and supported by location of auditory nerve fibers by Frequency sensitivity
46
what frequencies can place coding represent?
above 5000 Hz
47
what is the cochlear nucleus?
the first brain stem nucleus at which afferent | auditory nerve fibers synapse.
48
what is the superior olive?
an early brain stem region in the auditory | pathway where inputs from both ears converge.
49
what is the inferior colliculus?
midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway
50
what is the medial geniculate nucleus?
part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex
51
what is the basic structure of the mammalian auditory system?
- cochlear nucleus - superior olive - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucleus
52
what are the external components of the cochlear implant?
consist of a microphone, sound processor, and transmitter which essentially performs a Fourier analysis on external sounds
53
what are the internal components of the cochlear implant?
consist of a receiver–stimulator and an electrode system that spirals around the cochlea and stimulates auditory nerve fibers, using both place coding and temporal coding
54
what are the three steps in fourier's process?
fourier analysis fourier spectrum fundemental frequency

perception (12 decks)

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