Audition

Question 1

Sets off waves of vibration in the form of miniature collisions between adjacent molecules that produce outwardly moving bands of high and low pressure

Answer 1

Movement

Question 2

Can be described in waves

•amplitude
•frequency
•timbre

Answer 2

Sound

Question 3

The height of a wave; in audition, _________ is perceived as loudness.

Answer 3

Amplitude

Question 4

High amplitude waves are perceived as

Answer 4

Loud sounds

Question 5

Low amplitude waves are perceived as

Answer 5

Soft sounds

Question 6

Refers to the number of cycles per unit of time, or wavelength of a sound stimulus.
The unit used to measure the frequency of sound is hertz (Hz).

Answer 6

Frequency

Question 7

Refers to the pitch of a sound

Answer 7

Frequency

Question 8

Low frequency waves are perceived as

Answer 8

Low pitched sounds

Question 9

High frequency waves are perceived as

Answer 9

High pitched sounds

Question 10

Frequency

• Human hearing ranges from approximately ?____

Answer 10

20 Hz to 20,000Hz

Question 11

Refers to frequencies below the range if human hearing. Many animals including elephants and marine mammals use infrasound for communication

Answer 11

Infrasound

Question 12

Refers to stimuli with frequencies beyond the upper range of human hearing. Ultrasound waves are used to clean objects or to produce noninvasive images for medical purposes

Answer 12

Ultrasound

Question 13

Sound characterized by a single frequency

Answer 13

Pure tone

Question 14

Distinct quality of a sound due to combinations of frequencies

Answer 14

Timbre

Question 15

Unsystematic combinations of sound waves

Answer 15

Noise

Question 16

Human beings can perceive sounds that vary
in intensity by a factor of over 10 billion,
from the quietest sounds detectable to a jet
engine at takeoff.

Answer 16

Intensity

Question 17

Intensity is measured as

Answer 17

decibel (dB)

Question 18

A unit used to express a
difference in intensity between two
sounds, equal to 20 times the common
logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.

Answer 18

Decibel (dB)

Question 19

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

Question 20

The ear is divided into three parts:

Answer 20

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

Question 21

The _____ consist of the structures visible outside the body: the pinna and the auditory canal.

Answer 21

The outer ear

Question 22

•The visible part of the outer ear.
•It serves to collect and focus sounds, just like a funnel.
•Plays an important role in locating the source of sound.

Movement of the pinna allows some species to further localize sound or to indicate emotional states, as when a dog puts its ears back while snarling

Answer 22

Pinna

Question 23

•A tube-shaped structure in the outer ear that leads to the tympanic membrane.
•It is about 3 cm (-1.18 inches) long and about 7 mm (-0.28 inches) wide
•Sounds collected by the pinna is chaneled through the auditory canal

Answer 23

Auditory Canal

Question 24

It consist of the tympanic membrane, oval window, and ossicles

Answer 24

The Middle Ear

Question 25

The membrane separating the outer and middle ears; also known as the eardrum

Answer 25

Tympanic membrane

Question 26

The membrane separating the middle and inner ears

Answer 26

Oval Window

Question 27

•The bones that span the middle ear, including the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup) •The purpose of these bones is to transfer sound energy from the outside air to the fluid in the inner ear without losing too much of it.

Answer 27

Ossicles

Question 28

Sound must travel through the air (reason why we have the difficulty hearing underwater - The ear faces a similar problem, as sound energy must travel through the air of the outer and middle ears to the fluid of the inner ear.

Answer 28

You do note

Question 29

The middle ear solves this transfer problem in two ways: • First, the connections between the ossicles are hinged, which creates a lever action that increases the force of the vibration that the stapes bone delivers to the oval window. •Second, force applied to the much smaller oval window produces much more pressure than the same force applied to the larger tympanic membrane. With both force and pressure increased at the oval win_x0002_dow, the ear can recover about 23 dB of the 30 dB that would otherwise be lost when sound is transferred from the air in the middle ear to the fluid in the inner ear (Evans, 1982)

Answer 29

You do note

Question 30

Contains two sets of fluid-filled cavities embedded in the temporal bone of the skull: semicircular canals ( a part of the vestibular system) and cochlea ( "snail "in greek)

Answer 30

The Inner ear

Question 31

The fluid-filled _____ contains specialized receptor cells that respond to the vibrations transmitted to the inner ear. The ___ is about 32 mm (0.25 inches) long and 2 mm (.08 inches) in diameter. When rolled up like a snail shell, the human cochlea is about the size of a pea

Answer 31

Cochlea

Question 32

The cochlea is divided into three parallel chambers

Answer 32

Vestibular canal Tympanic canal Cochlear duct

Question 33

•The _______ are connected to each other near the apex

Answer 33

Vestibular and tympanic canals

Question 34

The part of the cochlea most distant from the oval window

Answer 34

Apex

Question 35

These two chambers ( vestibular and tympanic canals) contains a fluid known as _______ ( similar to cerebrospinal fluid)

Answer 35

Perilymph

Question 36

•The middle of three chambers of the cochlea. •Conntains the fluid called endolymph (they are reach in potassium)

Answer 36

Cochlear duct

Question 37

The fluids and canals are divided by the ff:

Question 38

A membrane that separates the vestibular canal and cochlear duct.

Answer 38

Reissner's membrane

Question 39

Structure in the cochlea that separates the tympanic canal and cochlear duct.

Answer 39

Basilar membrane

Question 40

A membrane covering the end of the tympanic canal

Answer 40

Round window

Question 41

A structure within the cochlear duct responsible for transducing vibrations in the inner ear into action potentials or neural messages.

Answer 41

Organ of Corti

Question 42

A membrane that covers the organ of corti

Answer 42

Tectorial (roof) membrane

Question 43

Several structural features of the basilar membrane are relevant to its response to sound: • The membrane is about five times wider at its apex (farthest from the oval window) than at its base (next to the oval window). • In addition, the basilar membrane is about 100 times stiffer at its base than at its apex. These structural differences are similar to the range of size and flexibility found in the different strings of a guitar.

Answer 43

Note

Question 44

• When vibration produces pressure changes within the cochlea, the basilar membrane responds with a wavelike motion. It will move less at the stiff, smaller end near the base than at the wide, floppy end at the apex • high-frequency sounds will cause a peak vibration of the basilar membrane near its base, whereas low- frequency sounds will cause a peak vibration closer to its apex

Answer 44

Note

Question 45

•Auditory receptor cells located near the junction of the tectorial membrane and cochlear duct. •There are approximately 15,500 inner hair cells in humans and they are the actual auditory receptors

Answer 45

Inner hair cells

Question 46

•Auditory receptor cells located on the Organ of Corti that amplify sound. •There are approximately 12,000 outer hair cells

Answer 46

Outer hair cells

Question 47

•Microscopic hair-like projections from a cell. •Both inner and outer hair cells extend to the cilia

Answer 47

Cilia

Question 48

The nerve that makes contact with the hair cells of the cochlea.

Answer 48

Cranial Nerve VIII

Question 49

CENTRAL AUDITORY PATHWAYS (For photos check Gallery)

Answer 49

Note

Question 50

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX (Note)

Answer 50

Note

Question 51

Cortex located just below the lateral fissure in the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of auditory information.

Answer 51

Primary auditory cortex (A I)

Question 52

Areas surrounding Al in the temporal lobe that process complex sound stimuli.

Answer 52

Secondary auditory cortex

Question 53

Note: Auditory perception

Question 54

Most frequencies are systematically encoded by the auditory system through tonotopic organization, which describes the fact that neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies. Tonotopic organization is found throughout the auditory system, from the basilar membrane up through primary auditory cortex.

Answer 54

Pitch Perception

Question 55

Neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies.

Answer 55

Tonotopic organization

Question 56

Decibels describe the physical qualities of the sound stimulus, whereas loudness is the human perception of that stimulus. The perception of loudness does not change at the same rate as the decibels do

Answer 56

Loudness perception

Question 57

Language perception continuation on Gallery