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somatosensory, auditory, and vestibular > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Preparativo Vestibular e ENEM flashcards
1
Q

What is the Auditory System?

A

Determines the frequency, intensity and other properties of sounds
Interprets meaning of sound
Identifies source of sounds - sound localization

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2
Q

What is sound?

A

Audible variations in air pressure

- mechanical energy measured as the calculated pressure that a wave makes against an object (ear drum).

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3
Q

Sound Waves

A

Produced by vibrations of air molecules

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4
Q

Tonotopy

A

Mapping of sound frequencies on basilar membrane - Principle of adequate stimulus

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5
Q

Frequency Coding at Basilar membrane

A

Hair cells along basilar membrane have receptive fields differing in frequency preference

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6
Q

Frequency Coding or Tonotopy

A

Neural encoding of pitch (place codes)

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7
Q

Base of Basilar Membrane

A

Short and Stiff Fibers

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8
Q

Apex of Basilar Membrane

A

Long Floppy Fibers

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9
Q

Resonance

A

The tendency of a system to oscillate at a greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others.

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10
Q

Resonant Frequency

A

Small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations because the system stores vibrational energy

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11
Q

High Frequency

A

Waves vibrate stiff fibers best (at base): travel short distance

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12
Q

Low Frequency

A

Waves vibrate floppy fibers best (at apex): travel entire distance

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13
Q

TRPA Channel

A

A family of transient receptor potential ion channels

  • TRP channel blocks K+ ions and others @ tip links
  • Stretch-activated channel opens when mechanically stimulated
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14
Q

Perilymph

A

In the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani

Low K+, High Na+

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15
Q

Endolymph

A

In Scala Media

High K+, Low Na+

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16
Q

Endocochlear Potential

A

Endolymph is 80 mV more positive than perilymph

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17
Q

Rapid Responsiveness ( Temporal Fidelity)

A

TRPA1 channels respond to stretch with 10 us speed, faithfully traduced high frequency signals

18
Q

TRPA1 Channel Sensitivity and Range

A

High Sensitivity

Range: soft to loud sounds (displaces stereocilia from 0.3 nm to 20nm)

19
Q

Biphasic Receptor Potential

A

Mimics sound waves - contains bi-polarity that resembles the peak and trough of a sound wave

20
Q

Inner Hair Cells

A

Type of Spiral Ganglion cell
95% of SGC receive auditory information from inner HCs
High Fidelity
Myelinated Fibers

21
Q

Outer Hair Cells

A

Type of Spiral Ganglion Cell
5% of SGC receive auditory info from outer hair cells
Many HCs feed to one SGC - low fidelity
Unmyelinated Fibers

22
Q

Primary Auditory Area

A

Brodmann’s Area 41

23
Q

Secondary Auditory Area

A

Brodmann’s Area 42

24
Q

Isofrequency Bands

A

Cortical columns with different tonal receptive fields

25
Q

Frequency Coding in CNS

A

Basilar Membrane (PNS)-> Spiral Ganglion -> Auditory Nerve -> Cochlear Nucleus (CNS)

26
Q

Binaural Auditory Neurons

A

Found at Superior Olive and above.

Each cochlea is bilaterally represented in the brain.

27
Q

Receptive Fields of Central Auditory pathway

A

Complexity of stimuli detected increases as you ascend the pathway : Cochlear nucleus and MGN

28
Q

Further processing

A

Inferior Colliculus sends signals to superior Colliculus (integration of auditory and visual info) and cerebellum

29
Q

Extensive Feedback from Central Auditory pathway

A
  • Descending Efferents from Brainstem (to superior olive) contact and modulate OHCs in cochlea
  • Efferent storm auditory cortex send axons to MGN and inferior Colliculus
30
Q

Ventral Cochlear Nucleus

A

Receives auditory signals ipsilaterally

- if severed, you will e deaf on the same side

31
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of Intensity Coding?

A
  1. Stronger Displacement - increase firing rate to affected sensory n. (Temporal summation)
  2. Wider area displaced - more auditory sensory n. activated (spatial summation)
  3. Special Hair Cells that have a High Threshold - only intense sound will make the AP Fire.
32
Q

Place Code

A

Displacement of Basilar Membrane = a function of pitch (frequency) and intensity
- can interfere with Tonotopy because louder sounds can have a different frequency

33
Q

Phase Locking

A

Consistent firing of a cell at the same phase of a sound wave

  • alt method for frequency coding
  • works well at low frequencies (20 - 200Hz)
34
Q

Phase Locking with Volley

A

@500Hz - 4kHz frequencies are represented by pooled activity of several auditory n, each member firing in a phase locked manner
- shared wave among population of neurons

35
Q

Very Low Frequency sound coding mechanism

A

20 - 200 Hz

Phase Locking

36
Q

Intermediate Frequency Sounds coding mechanism

A

Phase Locking (200Hz - 500Hz [limit for phase locking])
Phase Locking with Volley (500Hz - 4kHz)
Tonotopy

37
Q

High Frequency sound coding Mechanism

A

Tonotopy (>4kHz - 20 kHz)

38
Q

Duplex Theory of Localization

A

Two Different Processes: Interaural Time Delay and Interaural Intensity Difference

39
Q

Interaural Time Delay (ITD)

A

Sudden sounds of all frequencies and continuous sounds of 20 - 2000Hz

40
Q

Interaural Intensity Difference

A

Continuous Sounds with high frequencies (2 - 20kHz)

41
Q

Sound Shadow

A

Head casts a sounds shadow to the ear further from the sound, Lower intensity sound at one ear is a cue that the origin of sound is in the other direction

somatosensory, auditory, and vestibular (2 decks)

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