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Auditory Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Why is binaural hearing essential?

A

For spatial localisation and hearing amongst noise.

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2
Q

Spatial hearing

A

The ability to localise sounds in an environment, identify where they’re coming from and follow their movement.

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3
Q

Two major causes of hearing loss

A

Age

Noise exposure

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4
Q

Other causes of hearing loss in NZ

A

Genetic
Trauma
Tumour
Ototoxic drugs

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5
Q

Hearing loss common comorbidities

A

Dementia
Dizziness
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes

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6
Q

Where does the ear convert mechanical sound vibration into activity?

A

In the auditory nerve

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7
Q

What do sensory hair cells do?

A

Convert mechanical vibration into nerve impulses

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8
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Damage to the outer or middle ear that reduces the transfer of sound to the inner ear

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9
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to the inner ear

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10
Q

Microtia

A

Underdevelopment/absence of pinna

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11
Q

Role of the outer ear

A

Collects sound
Protects middle ear
Self-cleansing wax production

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12
Q

Skin migration in the ear canal

A

Canal skin is shed from the surface at the centre of the ear drum then is pushed out of the canal by wax

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13
Q

Roles of ear wax

A

Cleaning
Lubrication
Water repulsion
Traps and clears dust and debris

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14
Q

Three layers of the eardrum

A

Epithelial
Fibrous
Mucosal

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15
Q

Three bones of the ossicular chain

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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16
Q

Role of the middle ear

A

Air conduction

Transformer - matches low impedance of air to high impedance of inner ear fluid

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17
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Drains middle ear to nasopharynx and maintains air pressure across eardrum

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18
Q

Perilymph

A

A cochlear fluid found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the cochlea. It has a high sodium content and low potassium content.

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19
Q

Endolymph

A

A cochlear fluid found in the scala media of the cochlea. It has a high potassium content and low sodium content.

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20
Q

3 tubes of the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

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21
Q

What lines the cochlea tubes?

A

Stria vascularis

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22
Q

Organ of corti

A

Receptor organ for hearing located in the scala media

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23
Q

Describe the transfer of sound to the inner ear

A

Sounds enters the outer ear and goes down the ear canal to the eardrum, which transforms the sound into the malleus. The sound continues along the incus and the stapes –all these bones vibrate. The sound goes from the stapes through the oval window into the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. The cochlea extends with the sound which goes around the tip and into the scala tympani, right back down the other end then hitting the secondary tympanic membrane in the round window.

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24
Q

Tonotopicity of the cochlea

A

Regions of the cochlea are spatially tuned to different frequencies. Variation in the stiffness of the basilar membrane determines the frequency response.

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25
Spinal ganglion type I cells innervate:
Inner hair cells
26
Spinal ganglion type II cells innervate:
Outer hair cells
27
Place principle
The cochlea is tonotopically organised and the frequency is detected by spatial representation from base to apex
28
Volley principle
Low frequencies are detected by temporal firing of nerve fibres locked to stimulus frequency
29
Describe the general auditory pathway starting from the cochlea
``` Cochlea --> Cochlear nucleus --> Superior olivary complex --> Inferior colliculus --> Medial geniculate body --> Primary auditory cortex ```
30
Cochlear nucleus
Relay nucleus for somatosensory integration found in the pons
31
Superior olivary complex
Binaural integration, sound localisation and detection of speech amongst noise. Found in the pons.
32
Inferior colliculus
Sensory integration especially for hearing and vision to enhance sound localisation Found in the midbrain
33
Glue ear
Otitis media with effusion (OME) | Presents with discharge, inflammation, bilateral tympanic membrane retraction
34
Cytomegalovirus
Common and usually mild illness but can cause congenital hearing loss in children when their mother is infected when pregnant
35
Rinne test
Vibrate a tuning fork then place it on bone behind ear then next to ear. Positive (normal) result if patient reports a louder sound from next to the ear. Negative if the sound is louder on the bone.
36
Webber test
Vibrate a tuning fork then place it on bone in the middle of the forehead. Normal result when patient reports both ears hear equally. Conductive hearing loss diagnosis when patient reports sound going to the worse ear. Sensorineural hearing loss diagnosis when patient reports sound going to the better ear.
37
General pathway of sound
Sound Collection (pinna) Conduction and impedance matching (malleus/ineus, tympanic membrane, external canal) Tranmission (basilar membrane) Transduction (inner hair cells and neurons) Propagation (auditory nerve) Interpretation (reflexes and reflex responses)
38
Audioscope
A device to test hearing while also looking at cerumen impaction (otoscope part) which could be causing conductive hearing loss. The whisper test can be used alongside it (audiometer part) to assess ability to hear particular tones.
39
Levels of hearing loss
Mild, moderate, severe and profound
40
Mastoiditis
The serious result of an infection that extends to the air cells of the skull behind the ear
41
Atresia
Ear canal not formed correctly
42
What kind of hearing loss presents with a negative Rinne test and a Weber test referred to the deaf ear?
Conductive deafness
43
What kind of hearing loss presents with a positive Rinne test and a Weber test referred to the better ear?
Sensorineural deafness
44
Two types of sensorineural deafness
Cochlear and neural
45
What type of deafness would a schwannoma cause?
A schwannoma aka an acoustic neuroma would cause one-sided neural (sensorineural) deafness
46
Hearing aids
Acoustically amplify sound through outer and middle ear to simulate travelling wave in cochlea Outcomes rely on the responsiveness of surviving hair cells
47
Cochlear implants
Bypass damaged hair cells and stimulate the nerve directly Convert acoustic input signal into an electrical pattern that is transmitted by FM signal through skin to internal device and delivered to electrodes in scala tympani Rely on surviving neural elements to be stimulated by direct delivery of current pulses
48
Brainstem implant
Similar to cochlear implant but only inserted when cochlea is absent or malformed
49
3 systems that combine for sense of balance
Vision Vestibular Proprioception
50
Vestibular physiology role in cognition
Self-motion perception and body self-consciousness
51
How does the vestibular system provide information on head direction movement?
The vestibular system detects linear and angular acceleration which allows conscious awareness of the position of the head and body in space and enables reflex control of eye movement, posture and body motion.
52
Vertigo
Sense of losing balance or movement when there shouldn't be
53
Motion sickness
Conflict between vestibular, visual and proprioceptive inputs compared with the expected internal model
54
Superior vestibular nerve innervation
Utricle, anterior saccule, lateral semicircular canal and anterior semicircular canal
55
Inferior vestibular nerve innervation
Posterior saccule and posterior semicircular canal
56
5 vestibular organs
Utricle Saccule 3 semicircular canals: anterior, posterior and lateral
57
Otoconia
Calcium carbonate crystals that couple mechanic forces to the sensory hair cells in the utricle and saccule Loss of otoconia as people age increases the likelihood of falling
58
Kinocilia
Feature present in vestibular hair cells, as well as stereocilia Are polarised in the same direction on each side of the head
59
Crista ampullaris
Specialised epithelial ridge in the ampulla (joining) of the semicircular canals that contains vestibular sensory cells which are innervated by the vestibular nerve
60
What fluid lies in the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
61
What fluid lies in the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
62
Apart from periplymph, what does the bony labyrinth contain?
The membranous labyrinth
63
Apart from endolymph, what does the membranous labyrinth contain?
The organ of Corti and the balance sensory organs
64
Maculae
The utricle and the saccule Machines which contain sensory hair cells in a matrix of supporting cells and covered by a gelatinous mass containing otoconia The utricle is oriented horizontally and the saccule vertically
65
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Nystagmus Vestibular system counteracts head movement by moving eyes in opposite direction to keep eyes fixed on target Results in up to 3 beats of slight movement/shaking in normal situations

Nervous (5 decks)

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