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physiology 3 > auditory and vestibular physiology > Flashcards

auditory and vestibular physiology Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

loudness

A

sound energy intensity (amplitude of vibration)

prolongued exposure to sounds > 90dB can cause damage

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2
Q

loudness expresssed in

A

dB

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3
Q

pitch

A

high or low sound
vibration frequency - Hz (cycles/sec)
human hearing range is 20 - 20000 Hz

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4
Q

human hearing range

A

20 - 20 000 Hz
infrasonic < 20
ultrasonic > 20 000
speech is 1500 - 5000, where hearing is most sensitive

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5
Q

parts of the ear

A 
outer (external) ear 
middle ear (ossicles) for hearing 
inner ear (labyrinth) for hearing and equilibrium
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6
Q

receptors are located

A

receptors for hearing and equilibrium are located in the inner ear

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7
Q

3 ossicles

A

malleus - hammer
incus - anvil
stapes - stirrup

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8
Q

pressure is equalised by the

A

pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian) which connects to naso-pharynx (compressed to be closed unless opened by pressure)

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9
Q

what do the ossicles do

A

articulate to form a lever system that amplifies and transmits the vibratory motion of the tympanic membrane to fluids of inner ear cochlea via oval window

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10
Q

2 muscles used for the tympanic reflex

A

stapedius and tensor tympani

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11
Q

tympanic reflex

A

loud sounds causes stapedius and tensor tympani to contract which limits vibration, to dampen the noise

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12
Q

stapedius attached to

A

stapes

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13
Q

tensor tympani attached to

A

malleus

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14
Q

membranous labyrnth

A

fleshy tubes lining bony labyrinth
fillied with endolymph ( similar to intracellular fluid)
floating in perilymph - similar to CSF

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15
Q

mambranous larynth is filled wth

A

endolymph - high concentration of potassium

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16
Q

mambranous labyrinth is floating in

A

perilymph

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17
Q

cochlea

A

contains hearing receptors

organ of corti with hair cells

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18
Q

3 chambers of the cochlea

A
  • scala media (cochlear duct) middle chamber
  • scala vestibuli - superior chamber
  • scala tympani - inferior chamber
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19
Q

cochlea chambers are filled with

A

fluid

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20
Q

scala media

A

cochlear duct
middle chamber
contains hearing receptors
filled with endolymph

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21
Q

scala media is separated from scala vestibuli by

A

thin vestibular membrane

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22
Q

scala media seperated from scala tympani by

A

thicker basilar membrane

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23
Q

scala vestibuli

A

superior chamber
filled with perilymph
begins at oval window

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24
Q

scala tympani

Study These Flashcards
A

inferior chamber
filled with perilymph
begins at round window

25
hair cells
hair cells on basilar membrane; stereocilia embedded in gelatinous tectorial membrane
26
inner hair cells
1 row 3500 gives hearing
27
outer hair cells
``` 3 rows 20 000 dont do hearing modulatory adjusts response of cochlea to different frequencies ```
28
hair cell receptors contain
mechanosensitive ion channels
29
mechanosensitve ion channels in hair cells
bathed in endolymph (high K fluid) - creating electrochemical gradient - outside of cell is +80mV and inside of cell in near -40mV - mechanically gated K channels
30
stereocilia
stick out of hair cell | attached to potassium channel
31
when stereocilia are bent
when bent, open mechanossensitive potassium channel causing potassium to enter cell cell depolarises
32
hearing process
- vibration at oval window causes displacement of basilar membrane - sensory inner hair cells mechanically stimulated by waves (squished against tectoral membrane) - K flux generates receptor potentials, neurotransmitter release - action potentials fire down cochlear nerve
33
amplitude
loudness intensity of cochlear vibrations - louder sounds make the basilar membrane vibrate more vigorously - triggers higher frequency of action potentials - brain interprets this as louder sound
34
frequency
pitch basilar membrane location low frequencies penetrate further - high frequency sounds penetrate less far sound making it further around the cochlear is determined to be lower frequency
35
why doo we have more outer than inner hair cells
outer hair cells are more modulation stereocilia dont have potassium channels modify responsiveness when sound is loud - prestin (motor protein) strenghthens stereocilia
36
prestin
motor protein strenghtens stereocilia when there is loud sound dampens vibrations between tectoral membrane and inner hair cells
37
electromechano transduction
excitation atcivates motor protein (prestin) frequency specific effect not the same all the way through the cochlear
38
hearing loss may be
- sensorineural | - conductive
39
sensorineural hearing loss
permanent age, noise, or frequnecy related sensory = cochlea hair cells neural = (retrocochlear) cochlea nerve path
40
conductive hearing loss
loss of sound conduction via middle/outer ear | blockage, damage, infection
41
equilibrium
coordination, balance and orientation in three dmensonal space only special sense for whichh most of the information goes to lower brain centres
42
static equilibrium
the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary
43
dynamic equilibrium
perception of motion or acceleration - linear acceleration - change in velocity in a straight lne - rotational acceleration - change in the rate of rotation
44
semicircular ducts
3 ducts | detect only rotational acceleration
45
vestibular chambers
2 chambers anterior saccule and posterior utricle responsble for static equilibrium anf linear acceleration
46
2 chambers are callled
saccule and urticle
47
chambers conatin
saccule and urticle each contain a macula
48
role of the macula
senses static equilibrium and linear acceleration of the head not rotational movements hair is imbedded in otolithic membrane (statoconia)
49
statoconia
motolithic membrane - ear rock | 2-3x heavier than surrounding medium - gravity activated
50
how does the macula work
gravity moves the statoconia with moves hair cells which trigger vestibular nevre which branches to vestibulocochlear nerve
51
how do semicircular canals work
3 each lying in one of the 3 planes of space sense rotational acceleration of the head duct with ampulla housing a small crest - crista ampullaris hairs project into jellylike cupula - fluid endolymph remains stationary-ish as head rotates (inertia) bands hairs synapse wth fibres of vestibular nerve
52
cupula
jellylike structure encompassing hair cells in the semicircular canals
53
hair cells in the semicircular canal comes out of
crista ampullaris
54
crista ampullaris is located in
ampulla of the semicircular canal
55
hair cells in the semicircular canal synapse with
vestibular nerve
56
5 areas vestibular information is projected to
cerebellum - integrates vestibular information into its control of head and eye movements, muscle tone, and posture nuclei of occumlomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves (CN 3, 4, 6) to produce vestibulocochlear reflex: keeps vision fixed on distant object while walking reticular formation - thought to adjust blood circulation and breathing to postural changes spinal cord - descend through vestibulospinal tracts and innervate antigravity muscles thalamus - thalamus relay to cerebral cortex for awareness of position and motor control of head and body
57
2 types of vertigo
peripheral and central
58
peripheral vertigo
vestibular benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) Ca2+ deposits in semicicrcular canals 32% of all peripheral vertigo
59
central vertigo
CNS (pathways, brainstem, nuclei, cerebellum)

physiology 3 (7 decks)

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