Auditory Mechanism And Hearing Loss

Question 1

Hemifacial microsomia

Answer 1

Only one ear is undersized

Question 2

Goldenhar Syndrome

Answer 2

An undersized malformed jaw in addition to unilateral microtia.

Question 3

Microtia-anotia

Answer 3

A condition in which the pinna or outer ear is undersized (microtia) or absent altogether (anotia).

Question 4

Trisomy 18

Answer 4

Edwards Syndrome, a chromosomal syndrome in which the 18th pair of chromosomes has an extra chromosome. Can cause microtia-anotia.

Question 5

Trisomy 21

Answer 5

Down Syndrome, a chromosomal syndrome in which the 21st pair of chromosomes has an extra chromosome. Can cause microtia-anotia.

Question 6

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

Answer 6

A single gene syndrome which can cause microtia-anotia as a feature.

Question 7

Anotia

Answer 7

The complete lack of an outer ear. This causes conductive hearing loss, as there’s no pinna to collect sound signals.

Question 8

Cup-shaped ears

Answer 8

Small ears which grow forward over the external auditory meatus. In addition to not funneling sound into the canal normally, the pinnae can block the entrance of the canal and cause conductive hearing loss.

Question 9

Lop ears

Answer 9

Usually larger than normal ears which extend away from the head at a larger than normal angle. Usually come with other birth defects but do not cause hearing loss.

Question 10

At what age should a child have a pediatric medical examination if they are not speaking? Why?

Answer 10

Two years of age; to rule out hearing loss, congenital deformities affecting speech, intellectual disorders, and ASD.

Question 11

The three types of hearing loss

Answer 11

Conductive - hearing loss caused by a problem in the outer and/or middle ear

Sensorineural - hearing loss in the inner ear/nerves/brain

Mixed - a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Question 12

What percentage of children with just minimal hearing loss fail at least one school grade?

Answer 12

37%

Question 13

Incidental learning from conversations they hear makes up what percentage of young children’s learning?

Answer 13

90%

Question 14

A threshold reduction of 10 dB lowers subjective perception of loudness by how much?

Answer 14

Half

Question 15

A threshold reduction of 20 dB causes the student to hear how much of what the teacher says?

Answer 15

One quarter

Question 16

Only ___ of normal-hearing children fail at least one school grade compared to ___ of children with minimal hearing loss.

Answer 16

2%

37%

Question 17

What does a pure-tone audiometer do?

Answer 17

Presents simple sound signals or pure tones to help examiners plot an audiogram.

Question 18

Air-conduction audiometry uses what?

Answer 18

OTE headphones/in-ear headphones/ear buds. Test tones go through the outer ear and middle ear via air and vibrations of the skull bones. Used to detect sensorineural and conductive hearing losses.

Question 19

Bone-conduction audiometry uses what?

Answer 19

A vibrator on the temporal bone or forehead using a headband. Used to detect sensorineural hearing loss.

Question 20

Otosclerosis

Answer 20

A condition involving abnormal growth of bone in the middle and/or inner ear.

Question 21

If an individual’s hearing thresholds are the same for all frequencies, whether they have normal hearing or a hearing loss, the audiogram curve will be ___.

Answer 21

Flat, i.e. a straight horizontal line

Question 22

An audiogram with a “notch” or “cookie bite” (i.e. A sharp dip in the 3,000-4,000 Hz frequencies) indicates ___.

Answer 22

a noise-induced hearing loss

Question 23

A curve that is lower on the left than the right indicates more hearing loss at ___.

Answer 23

Lower frequencies

Question 24

A curve that is lower on the right than the left indicates more hearing loss at ___.

Answer 24

Higher frequencies

Question 25

Otorrhea

Answer 25

Discharge from the ears, which can consist of pus, mucus, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 26

Hearing loss in a child who can hear conversations better riding in the car with windows open can indicate ___.

Answer 26

Conductive hearing loss.

Question 27

Recruitment is defined as…

Answer 27

The range between what is loud enough for you to hear and what is too loud for comfort is smaller than normal. Sensorineural hearing loss causes recruitment.

Question 28

Békésy audiometry

Answer 28

Automated audiometers which emit pure tones along a continuum (continuous tones) and separately (interrupted tones) to create two threshold curves.

Question 29

Tympanometry

Answer 29

Compares air pressure in the ear canal to middle ear impedance.

Question 30

Three classifications of tympanogram configurations

Answer 30

Type A: indicates normal middle ear pressure.

Type B: indicates a perforated eardrum, wax obstruction, or non-compressible fluid from otitis media (middle ear infection).

Type C: shows negative middle ear pressure, indicating dysfunction of the Eustachian tube(s).

Question 31

The acoustic reflex, also called the stapedius reflex, serves what purpose?

Answer 31

Protecting the hearer from hearing loss caused by sudden, overly loud noises. This reflex can cause temporary hearing reduction.

Question 32

PI-PB

Answer 32

Performance Intensity for Phonetically Balanced words

Question 33

PI-SSI

Answer 33

Performance Intensity for Synthetic Sentence Identification

Question 34

Speech audiometry

Answer 34

Testing ones hearing of speech rather than hearing of pure tones.

Question 35

At what age are babies in the stage of babbling? What does this consist of?

Answer 35

Six to eight months. Consists of repeated patterns of consonant and vowel sounds.

Question 36

From nine to eighteen months, babies are in what stage of language development?

Answer 36

Holophrastic stage - depicted as one-word, one-unit, or one-morpheme utterances

Question 37

From eighteen to twenty-four months, children are in what language stage?

Answer 37

Two-word stage, speaking in mini sentences as well as one-word utterances.

Question 38

What stage of language development would a 24 to 30 month old child be in?

Answer 38

Telegraphic stage - AKA early multiword (or multi-morpheme) stage. Sentence structure contains more lexical than grammatical morphemes.

Question 39

Microtia

Answer 39

A smaller ear than normal, which can affect both ears and may be undersized in varying degrees.