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Auditory perception Flashcards

1
Q

define a sound

A

the change in pressure in the air through bands of condensation and rarefaction

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2
Q

define condensation

A

high pressure band of air

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3
Q

define rarefaction

A

low pressure band of air

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4
Q

define frequency

A

number of cycles, measured in Hz

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5
Q

define amplitude

A

the increase or decrease in pressure tha forms a cycle of sound

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6
Q

what the normal sound range for humans

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

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7
Q

how does frequency influence pitch perception

A

higher frequency = higher perception of pitch

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8
Q

how do we percieve loudness

A

high amplitude = loud

low amplitude - quiet

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9
Q

what are tones

A

harmony of different frequencies
contains a fundamental frequency which is the first harmonic and most closely reated to the tone we percieve, and higher harmonics which are multiples of the fundamental frequency

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10
Q

define the periodicy of pitch

A

sound periodicity refers to similarities in wavelength - spacing between harmonics governs repetition rate
can have same tone without fundamental freq - not all harmonics necessary to get same repetition rate

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11
Q

Describe loudness

A

‘sound intensity’ - size of amp/wavelength

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12
Q

Describe pitch

A

high pitch = high freq - governed by frequency of cycles

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13
Q

Describe tone chroma

A

Value of notes within an octave ie all c note have same chroma from diff octaves

A tone chroma is each fundamental frequency x 2

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14
Q

Describe timbre

A

Sounds have same tone (fundamental freq) but diff harmonics

Therefore diff for diff instruments

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15
Q

How does attack delay influence timbre

A

Determines perception of speed

Ie plucked guitar faster than breath controlled bassoon

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16
Q

What is the pinna

A

Outer ear

Focuses sounds waves into auditory canal

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17
Q

What are the ossicles

A

Act as amplifiers
Malleus, incus and stapes
Connect from tympanic membrane (end of auditory canal) to cochlear

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18
Q

What do the ossicles do

A

Concentrate vibrations from tympanic membrane
Increase air pressure x20 to vibrate chochlear

Sound propagate through auditory canal and intro air pressure diff to tymp causing movement

Malleus moves incus which moves stapes in fulcrum action - connect to oval window

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19
Q

How is sound perceived in the chochlear

A

sound down externaul auditory canal to tympanic membrane
-freq of vibration = pitch, intensity = loudness
ossicles concenrate vibration onto oval window
vibrations in cochlear fluid due to flexibility of round window - dissapates
vibrations up scala vestibuli to apex
vibrations down scala tympani to round window
organ of corti on basillar membrane on cochlear duct between vestibuli and tympani move in relation to vibrations - cillia on hair cells move, hair cells elongate/contract - send ap via auditory nerve and amp

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20
Q

How do the inner hair cells propagate an AP

A

Move in relation to pressure waves

Left and right motion opens ion channels producing bursts of electrical signals
up and down motion of basillar membrane elongates and contracts hair cells for amplification

Ap transfers to auditory nerve fibre

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21
Q

What determines rate of firing in inner hair cells

A

Sound frequency

Determines speed and movement

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22
Q

What is the basilar membrane

A

Where vibrations are converted to electrical impulses

Pressure diff due to move of ossicles at oval window between scala vestibulli and tympani
Cause basilar membrane to move up and down

Hair cells move in relation to basilar and send ap down auditory nerve

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23
Q

How does the cochlear act as an amplifier

A

Hair cells elongate when moved in one direct and contract in other

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24
Q

What is related to the representation of pitch

A

Primary auditory cortex
Diff freq mapped tonotopically
Lowest at anterior
Highest at posterior

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25
What is temporal coding
Location irrelevant Pitch coded by firing rate of nerve cells Bender and wang 2005 Temp coding is determinant of pitch below 5000HZ
26
What is place coding
Pitch identified by anatomical location of action in basilar membrane Bender and wang 2005 Determinant of pitch above 5000HZ
27
How is pitch related to frequency
High freq = high pitch
28
Temp coding and pitch
High freq = high pitch even below 5000 HZ High firing rate = high freq Phase locking
29
What is phase locking
auditory neurons have refractory period of max 5000hz (phase lock) for higher pitches, neurons fire simultaneiously mimicing the higher frequency
30
Place coding and pitch
Low freq cause firing at apex | High freq cause firing at base
31
How is sound localised
It is not like vision Do no review positional info as sound spread out over cochlear Use binaural cues
32
How is sound localised
Elevation (above or below?) Azimuth (left or right?) Distance
33
Define inter aural time diff (ITD)
If sound directly in front then reach both ears at same time At an angle, will reach one before the other Determines azimuth - direction of sound by time taken to reach each ear
34
What is an acoustic shadow
When sound reach one ear first and is masked by head from reaching other ear Less likely if freq Lower
35
Describe the cone of confusion
Elevation cannot be distinguished by ITD time to reach the same at diff elevations Must use monaural cues
36
What are monaural cues
Info about elevation Determine by spectral cues and distribution of freq that reach the ear Pinna filters sounds - introduces diff delays between signals at diff elevations Pinna provides cue for sound elevation
37
Describe the auditory pathway
1 cochlear nucleas - from auditory nerve 2 superior olivary cortex - signals from both ears meet 3 inferior colliculus - binaural processes of information 4 medial geniculate nucleus 5 primary auditory cortex
38
COOL SONIC MG
Cochlear nucleas Super olivary Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate - primary auditory cortex
39
Describe Jeffres neural coincidence model
Detection of azimuth at neural level In super olivary cortex - A - >- B -
40
Define axonal conduction delay
Time taken for AP to travel from initiation site to neural soma
41
What is tuning
Lateral position of sound is determined by the position of max activation of coincidence detector neurons tuned to diff ITDs Tuning of a neuron for an ITD is determined by the difference in axonal conduction all delay in each ear -'delay line'
42
Do mammals fit the neural coincidence model
Owls do - each neuron tuned to different ITDs Mammals don't seem to follow - In rats, have wider tuning curve Location of sound indicated by ratio of response between firing Neurons more broadly tuned to a range of ITDs
43
What are the pathways for sound into the prefrontal cortex
Posterior belt area - special tuning 'where' Anterior belt area - sound identification 'what' - rauschecker & tion 2000 - neurons in monkeys respond to vocalisations in jungles Both project onto PFC
44
what are the suggested processing streams of auditory information and what are their seperate functions
lamber and Malhorta (2008) Investigate auditory parallel processing streams Reversible coding deactivation: Deactivate posterior = localisation deficit Deactivate anterior = pattern discrimination defecit Roles very specific
45
Describe the precedence effect
Sound takes many diff routes Perceive sound and localisation based on first wavelength that arrives at our ears Separate sources via ITD, ILD (interaural level (intensity) difference), onset time, pitch &I timbre
46
Describe stream segregation
One melody played together sounds like two separate sources High and low notes within melody separate when played fast Due to diff in pitches in melody and time When slowed the melody becomes more fluid
47
Define phonemes
Basic unit of speech - shortest segment If changes, word changes Ie c/a/t = K/æ/t
48
Define formants
specific band of pressure that determines the photenic quality of a vowel (aeiou)
49
What are formant transitions
rapid change in frequency from a constant (cdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz) to a voewl (formant) use as a cue for articulation
50
how does the perception of formants differ for different words (Moore (2012)
Sound spectrogram of dormant frequencies 'Di' 'du' First dormant the same but second formant have different frequencies - 'di' much higher
51
How can context affect acoustic signal
Phoneme strong effect on other segments close to them | Co articulation - overlap in articulation in neighbouring phonemes
52
What is voice onset time (VOT)
Delay between when sound behind and vocal cords begin to vibrate Contribute to perceptual constancy Allows to identify co articulation of formants
53
How do faces influence speech perception
Speech is multimodal- use visual cues to aid understanding
54
Describe Mcgurk and McDonald (1976)
``` "Mcgurk effect" Multi sensory illusion Dub video of speech with a different constant Visual info incongruent with auditory Rely more heavily on visual and mishear ```
55
how can lip movement influence brain activity (Calvert 1997)
Watch lips move improves speech Fmri - visual cues activate auditory cortex Activate for silent speech-like movements
56
Describe von kregstein et al 2005 FFA
Fmri find activity in fusiform face area when hear a familiar voice Localised separately to visual info Emphasise link of speaker recognition over content
57
Describe warren 1970 speech restoration effect
Context knowledge of language Speech replaced by cough or tone - pps report hearing missing word Silent - don't hear
58
turvey and von gelder 1976
Reaction to phoneme target faster than nonsense word utterances Ie sin bat leg / jum baf teg
59
Phonemic restoration effect
Samuwel 1990 Speech perception determined by acoustic signal and context expectations Sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard. Easier if words longer and similar
60
how can context influence (Miller and isard 1963)
Words more intelligible in context Subjects given sentence arranges in 3 ways Grammatical - "gadgets simplify work around the house" Ungrammatical - "between gadgets highways passengers the steal" Anomalous - "gadgets kill passengers from the eyes" In silence or with background noise Best - grammatical in silence (89%) Worst - ungrammatical with noise (3%)
61
Describe overall speech perception
Seems to be a mix between top down and bottom up processing Knowledge and meaning mix with acoustic signal to produce own perception
62
Speech perception/production and the brain
Broccas area - frontal lobe - primarily speech production Wernickes area - temporal lobe - primarily speech perception Aphasiacs with damage to one stream still hold other ability
63
Dual stream model of perception
Hickok and poepel 2007 Ventral - 'what' - comprehension Dorsal - 'where' - map acoustic to movements producing the speech
64
Define speech segmentation
Perception of individual words in a convo | Meaning and prior knowledge be responsible for organising sounds to words
65
how does language aquisition develop
Lang acquisition is a combination of experience dependent & independent mechanism As a young age - segmentation occurs based in statistical relationship of neighbouring speech sounds Becomes more experienced based

Perception (11 decks)

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