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Unit 12 > Auscultate- Heart Sounds > Flashcards

Auscultate- Heart Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

When is the S1 heard?

A

Systolic

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2
Q

When is the S2 heard?

A

Diastolic

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3
Q

What are the sounds of S1 and S2?

A

S1=Lub
S2-Dub

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4
Q

What does the S1 mean?

A

Closure of AV valves
Mitral and Tricuspid

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5
Q

What does the S2 mean?

A

Closure of Semilunar Valves
Aortic and Pulmonic

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6
Q

What does the S3 sound like?

A

Ken-tuck-y (heard just after S2)

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7
Q

What does the S4 sound like?

A

Ten-nes-see (heard just after S1)

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8
Q

What are Murmurs?

A

Whooshing or blowing sound

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9
Q

How does Murmurs occur?

A

Produced when backflow of blood through the valve occurs

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10
Q

Apnea

A

No breathing

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11
Q

What are the causes of Apnea?

A

Can be due to sleep apnea.
Cardiac arrest
Choking
Drug Overdose

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12
Q

What are the potential consequences of Apnea?

A

Death

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13
Q

Cheynes Stokes

A

Pattern of gradual decrease in breathing- followed by apnea

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14
Q

What are the causes of Cheyne Stokes?

A

End of life
Heart failure
Stroke

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15
Q

What are the potential consequences of Cheyne Stokes?

A
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16
Q

Kussmauls

A

Rapid deep breaths

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17
Q

What are the causes of Kussmauls?

A

Acidosis

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18
Q

What are the potential consequences of Kussmauls?

A

Exhale excess CO2

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19
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased rate and depth

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20
Q

What are the causes of Hyperventilation?

A

Anxiety
Infections
Lung Disease
DKA
Brain injury

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21
Q

What are the potential consequences of Hyperventilation?

A

Increased CO2 exhaled leading to:
Weakness
Dizziness
Headache

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22
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Decreased rate and depth

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23
Q

What are the causes of Hypoventilation?

A

Neuromuscular Disorder
Medications
Trauma

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24
Q

What are the potential consequences of Hypoventilation?

A

Retaining CO2
Too much CO2 in blood leading:
Confusing
Weakness
DOE

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25
Q

What can alter the heart rate and rhythm?

A

Electrical Disturbances such as Dysrhythmias

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26
Q

Bradycardia

A

Less than 60 bpm

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27
Q

What are they symptoms for Bradycardiac?

A

Lightheadedness
Fatigue
Chest pain
Confusion
Syncope
SOB

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28
Q

What are the causes of Bradycardia?

A

Age-related damage
Medications
In well-trained athletes they might have an expected lower than normal HR

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29
Q

What are the treatment for Bradycardia?

A

Depends on cause and symptoms.
Maybe a change in medication might be required, pacemaker- transcutaneous or implanted

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30
Q

Tachycardia

A

Greater than 100 bpm

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31
Q

What are they symptoms of Tachycardia?

A

Lightheadedness
Fatigue
Chest pain
Confusion
Syncope
SOB

32
Q

What are the causes for Tachycardia?

A

Drugs
Exercise
Emotional response
Illness
Compensatory mechanism

33
Q

What are the treatment for Tachycardia?

A

Depends on cause and symptoms.
Lifestyle changes
Medications

34
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A
35
Q

What are they symptoms of Atrial fibrillation?

A

Chest discomfort
Palpitations
Blood clots can form

36
Q

What are the causes of Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Age
Cardiac Disease

37
Q

What are the treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Rate and rhythm control medications
Blood Thinner

38
Q

Ventricular Dysrhythmias

A

Heart chambers are unable to fill with blood.

39
Q

What are the symptoms of Ventricular Dysrhythmias?

A

Chest pain
Dizziness
SOB

40
Q

What are the causes of Ventricular Dysrhythmias?

A

Coronary Artery Disease
HTN
Cardiomyopathy
Electrolyte Imbalances
Recent Myocardial Infarction
Heart failure

41
Q

What are the treatment for Ventricular Dysrhythmias?

A

Depends on if they have a pulse
Defibrillator

42
Q

Left Sided Heart Failure

A
43
Q

What are they symptoms for Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Hypoxia
Crackles
SOB
Orthopnea

44
Q

What are the causes for Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Cardiomyopathy
Coronary Artery Disease
MI
Diabetes
Drug Use

45
Q

What are the treatment for Left Sided Heart Failure?

A

Diuretics
Supplemental O2
ACE inhibitors and Beta Blockers are first life HF treatment meds

46
Q

Right Sided Heart Failure

A
47
Q

What are the symptoms for Right Sided Heart Failure?

A

Edema
Ascites
Decrease Organ Perfusion

48
Q

What are the causes of Right Sided Heart Failure?

A

Left Sided Heart Failure
Lung Disease

49
Q

What are the treatment for Right Sided Heart Failure?

A

Diuretics
ACE inhibitors and Beta Blockers are the first line of HF treatment meds

50
Q

What are the Valvular Heart Disease?

A

Regurgitation
Stenosis

51
Q

Regurgitation

A

Leaky Valves
Backflow of blood

52
Q

What are the symptoms of Regurgitation?

A

Murmur
SOB
Palpitations

53
Q

What are the treatment for Regurgitation?

A

Surgical Valve Replacement or Repair

54
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrow Heart Valves
Prevents blood from moving forward leading to Ventricular Hypertrophy

55
Q

What are the symptoms of Stenosis?

A

Murmur
Chest Pain
DOE

56
Q

What causes Stenosis?

A

HTN
Hyperlipidemia
CKD
Rheumatic Fever

57
Q

What is the treatment for Stenosis?

A

Surgical Valve Replacement or Repair

58
Q

Deceased Peripheral Perfusion

A
59
Q

Decreased Peripheral Perfusion Symptoms

A

Cold
Mottled
Clammy
Pallor/ Cyanosis
Increased Cap Refill

60
Q

Decreased Peripheral Perfusion Causes

A

Hypotension
Hypovolemia
HF
MI
Shock
PVD

61
Q

Decreased Cerebral Perfusion

A
62
Q

Decreased Cerebral Perfusion symptoms

A

ALOC

63
Q

Decreased Cerebral Perfusion Causes

A

Hypotension
Hypovolemia
HF
MI
Shock
Stenosis
Embolism
Increased ICP

64
Q

Decreased Cerebral Perfusion Treatment

A

Reperfusion

65
Q

Decreased Renal Perfusion

A
66
Q

Decreased Renal Perfusion symptoms

A

Decreased Urine Output

67
Q

Decreased Renal Perfusion causes

A

Hypotension
Hypovolemia
HF
MI
Shock

68
Q

Decreased Renal Perfusion treatment

A

Fluids to re-perfuse kidneys

69
Q

Angina Pectoris (decreased CV)

A
70
Q

Angina Pectoris symptoms

A

Chest Pain
Neck and Jaw pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Tachycardia
Sweating
Arm or shoulder pain

71
Q

Angina Pectoris Causes

A

Hypotension
Hypovolemia
HF
MI
Shock
CAD
Stenosis
Embolism

72
Q

Angina Pectoris Treatment

A

Nitro
Aspirin
Antiplatelet Meds
Reperfusion

73
Q

Myocardial Infarction (decreased CV)

A
74
Q

Myocardial Infarction symptoms

A

Chest pain
Neck and jaw pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Tachycardia
Sweating
Arm or shoulder pain

75
Q

Myocardial Infarction Causes

A

Hypotension
Hypovolemia
HF
MI
Shock
CAD
Stenosis
Embolism

76
Q

Myocardial Infarction Treatment

A

Nitro does not relieve pain, need Morphine
Reperfusion

Unit 12 (7 decks)

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