Autism, ADHD, depression

Question 1

Mental illnesses can occur at any age, and they can be ______

Answer 1

Temporary

Question 2

Neurodevelopmental disorders are clearly evident in childhood or at birth, and they last for ___

Answer 2

Life

Question 3

Neurodvelopmental disorders

Answer 3

Autism, intellectual disability, ADHD, and motor disorders such as Tourette’s syndrome.

Question 4

Mental illnesses that affect males and females at similar rates

Answer 4

schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Question 5

Mental illnesses that are more common in women

Answer 5

Anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD, Anorexia and Bulimia

Question 6

Neurodevelopment disorders that are more common in males

Answer 6

Autism, ADHD, intellectual disability, Tourette

Question 7

Perceptual biases

Answer 7

Could create an illusion of a sex difference between male and female behavior

Question 8

Socialization

Answer 8

Maybe males and female have the same underlying symptomology, but they express it differently.

Question 9

Males are _ times as likely as womoen to receive a diagnosis of autism.

Answer 9

4

Question 10

On average, males who get the diagnosis have significantly ____fewer/more harmful gene variants than females who have the diagnosis.

Answer 10

Fewer

Question 11

Rare gene copy number variations (CNV)

Answer 11

A section of the genome (chromosome) is duplicated or missing. Can cause autism

Question 12

CNVs seem to cause autism at much higher rate in ___males/females

Answer 12

Males

Question 13

Females with CNVs present with much ___ and ____ severe symptoms than males do.

Answer 13

Fewer and less

Question 14

Rare CNVs are inherited from ____mothers/fathers

Answer 14

Mothers (less affected = more reproductive success)

Question 15

Heterogametic sex

Answer 15

Sex with different chromosomes

Question 16

Heterogametic sex in mammals and most insects

Answer 16

XY (male)

Question 17

Heteogametic sex in birds, butterflies, some fish & reptiles

Answer 17

ZW (female)

Question 18

The heterogametic sex tends to show more ____ at a very young age on all kinds of traits (from body morphology to cell physiology)

Answer 18

Variability

Question 19

Having one X chromosome creates developmental _____ , whereas two XX chromosomes promotes developmental robustness.

Answer 19

Instability

Question 20

Social explanation for more mental illnesses in women

Answer 20

Women experience higher rates of abuse, poverty, discrimination, etc.

Question 21

The incidence and severity of anxiety and depression fluctuate with changes in _____ signaling in females, particularly around puberty, childbirth, and menopause.

Answer 21

Hormone

Question 22

Hormone signaling dramatically affects ___ network dynamics, and the brains of females must constantly adapt

Answer 22

Neural

Question 23

In menopause hot flashes, the _____ mistakenly believes body temperature is way too high when there is slight body temperature shifts

Answer 23

Hypothalamus

Question 24

Symptoms of autism

Answer 24

Troubles with social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior.

Question 25

The incidence of autism is around __% of population.

Answer 25

2

Question 26

Parents usually notice signs of autism during the first ___ or ___ years of their child's life.

Answer 26

2 or 3

Question 27

First autism symptom to emerge

Answer 27

Social impairment

Question 28

Some autistic children do not like to be ___ by their parents

Answer 28

Held

Question 29

Many people with autism have abnormal or even nonexistent _____

Answer 29

Language

Question 30

A third of people with autism do not develop enough natural ____ to meet their daily communication needs.

Answer 30

Speech

Question 31

Autistic people may exhibit compulsive or ______ behaviour.

Answer 31

Ritualistic

Question 32

___most/few people diagnosed with autism have clear cognitive impairments and reduced imaginative ability

Answer 32

Most

Question 33

Comorbidities of autism

Answer 33

intellectual disability, seizure disorder, ADHD, depression, and anxiety disorder.

Question 34

A __ of autistic people have seizures or intellectual disability

Answer 34

Third

Question 35

__% of autistics have sensory processing issues

Answer 35

80

Question 36

The ______ of autism is between 70% and 90%

Answer 36

Heritability

Question 37

10% of autism cases have been linked to rare ______ abnormalities

Answer 37

Chromosomal

Question 38

Some autism cases are associated with multigene interactions involving common and uncommon gene ____.

Answer 38

Variants

Question 39

Some rare autism cases have been linked to maternal viral _____ during pregnancy.

Answer 39

Infections

Question 40

In autistics, brain ____ often proceeds abnormally quickly

Answer 40

Growth ( brain volume may be 10% larger than average by 2–3 years of age.)

Question 41

Altered neuronal _____ during early gestation may explain abnormal brain growth

Answer 41

Migration

Question 42

Abnormal formation of _____ and dendritic _____ may explain abnormal brain growth

Answer 42

Synapses and dendritic spines

Question 43

_______ in key brain regions may explain abnormal brain growth

Answer 43

Overactivity

Question 44

_______ excitatory–inhibitory neural networks may explain abnormal brain growth

Answer 44

Unbalanced

Question 45

Some autistic people show less activity in the ____ area when they look at photos of human faces

Answer 45

Fusiform face area

Question 46

Effect of anticonvulsants

Answer 46

↑ GABA receptor activity

Question 47

Effect of antidepressants

Answer 47

↑ serotonin receptor activity

Question 48

Effect of antipsychotics

Answer 48

↓ dopamine receptor activity

Question 49

Effect of stimulants

Answer 49

↑ dopamine receptor activity

Question 50

ADHD

Answer 50

Mental disorder characterized by problems paying attention, difficulty controlling (inhibiting) behavior in an age-appropriate manner, and hyperactivity.

Question 51

More than __% of children in North America are now being treated for ADHD.

Answer 51

5

Question 52

ADHD symptoms usually appear before __ years old

Answer 52

12

Question 53

ADHD is usually first identified in this environment

Answer 53

School

Question 54

Symptoms of ADHD

Answer 54

–show reckless and impetuous behavior –act without reflecting –let interfering activities intrude into ongoing tasks (distraction) –have difficulty withholding a response

Question 55

Many children with ADHD have a ____ attention span for tasks they find interesting

Answer 55

Good

Question 56

Comorbidities of ADHD

Answer 56

Learning disabilities, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, aggression, and conduct disorder.

Question 57

The _____of ADHD is 75% to 90%, but diagnosis rates vary widely across communities, ranging from 1% to 16% of children.

Answer 57

Heritability

Question 58

Boys are diagnosed ___ times more often than girls with ADHD

Answer 58

3-4

Question 59

Risk factors for getting ADHD

Answer 59

Drug & alcohol, infections during pregnancy, low birth weight, trauma

Question 60

Stimulants that ____reduce/increase dopamine levels by blocking or reversing the dopamine reuptake transporter (e.g., Ritalin and Adderall) can be used to treat ADHD

Answer 60

Increase

Question 61

Why do we give stimulants that increase dopamine to treat ADHD ?

Answer 61

When basal dopamine levels are low, animals do not have as much motivation and are usually easily distracted by stimuli that raise dopamine.

Question 62

Affect

Answer 62

Feelings or emotions

Question 63

Affective disorders are characterized by disordered _____.

Answer 63

Feelings

Question 64

Mood (affective) disorder

Answer 64

Serious mood disorder in which emotions are not just a reaction to the environment

Question 65

2 principal types of mood disorder

Answer 65

Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.

Question 66

Environmental factors increasing mood disorder risks

Answer 66

Traumatic/abusive childhood experiences

Question 67

Common feelings in mood disorders

Answer 67

Unworthy, hopeless, and strong feelings of guilt (feel undeserving of successes)

Question 68

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 68

A serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not alternate with periods of mania

Question 69

Prevalence of MDD in men and women

Answer 69

Approximately 7% in women and 3% in men.

Question 70

Percentage of MDD due to genetics

Answer 70

Around 40%

Question 71

2 types of drugs that increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling

Answer 71

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi) & tricyclics and serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 72

How do MAOis increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling ?

Answer 72

By inhibiting their enzymatic breakdown

Question 73

How do SSRIs increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling ?

Answer 73

By blocking their reuptake

Question 74

Other depression treatments

Answer 74

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) –Ketamine (NMDA glutamate receptor blocker) –Deep brain stimulation –Transcranial magnetic stimulation –Vagus nerve stimulation –Bright-light therapy (phototherapy) -Sleep deprivation

Question 75

Tricyclic antidepressant

Answer 75

Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (but also affects other neurotransmitters).

Question 76

Serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 76

A class of drugs that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

Question 77

Most common SSRI

Answer 77

Prozac (fluoxetine)

Question 78

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

Answer 78

Antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin without affecting reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

Question 79

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

Answer 79

Depression may relate to insufficient monoamine receptor activity (the monoamines are serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine).

Question 80

Symptoms of depression are generally not relieved by dopamine receptor _____agonists/antagonists

Answer 80

Agonists

Question 81

Serotonin is made from the amino acid ______.

Answer 81

Tryptophan

Question 82

Giving people a low-tryptophan diet and then a tryptophan-free amino acid “cocktail” tends to ____ decrease/increase tryptophan levels and serotonin (5-HT) synthesis.

Answer 82

Decrease

Question 83

SSRIs and SNRIs _____ slowly/rapily increase brain levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine

Answer 83

Rapidly, but long lasting

Question 84

This area was found to be less active once people's depression lifted

Answer 84

Anterior cingulate (subgenual ACC)

Question 85

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is best for ___ depression

Answer 85

Severe

Question 86

ECT can also treat this mood disorder

Answer 86

Bipolar disorder

Question 87

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 87

Seizures are electrically induced by applying brief electrical shocks to the head

Question 88

Time needed for ECT to improve mood disorder symptoms

Answer 88

A day or two. It is faster than SSRIs

Question 89

People with depression often have shallow, _____ sleep

Answer 89

Fragmented

Question 90

Depressed people also tend to awaken frequently, especially toward _____

Answer 90

Morning

Question 91

In general, depressed people spend more time in stage __ sleep

Answer 91

1

Question 92

Depressed people spend less time in ___, slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4).

Answer 92

Deep

Question 93

People with depression enter REM sleep ___earlier/later after falling asleep

Answer 93

Earlier

Question 94

Total sleep deprivation tends to have an immediate ______ effect

Answer 94

Antidepressant effect and mania

Question 95

When depression lifts after staying up overnight, it returns after ____.

Answer 95

Sleep

Question 96

Perhaps a _____ builds up during waking hours that has some antidepressant effect, and it gets cleared away during sleep.

Answer 96

Chemical

Question 97

REM sleep deprivation treats depression ____slowly/rapidly

Answer 97

Slowly

Question 98

Bipolar disorder

Answer 98

A serious mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression

Question 99

Prevalence of bipolar disorder

Answer 99

~2% of the population.

Question 100

Percentage of bipolar disoder attributed to genetics

Answer 100

80%

Question 101

Mania

Answer 101

Episodes of mania are characterized by a sense of euphoria that is not justified by the circumstances

Question 102

Symptoms of mania

Answer 102

Nonstop speech and motor activity, risky behavior

Question 103

Length of mania before depression transition

Answer 103

Few days or weeks

Question 104

Lithium

Answer 104

Chemical element commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder

Question 105

Phase of bipolarity treated by lithium

Answer 105

Mania

Question 106

Once mania is eliminated, does depression follow ?

Answer 106

Usually not

Question 107

The therapeutic effect of lithium is very ____slow/rapid.

Answer 107

Rapid

Question 108

Some anticonvulsant drugs, particularly voltage-gated _____ channel blockers, are prescribed as mood stabilizers for bipolarity.

Answer 108

Sodium

Question 109

Anticonvulsant drugs slightly ____reduce/increase neural activity.

Answer 109

Reduce

Question 110

In bipolar disorder, antipsychotics and antidepressants may be prescribed, often in combination with a ____ stabilizer.

Answer 110

Mood