Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Flashcards
(55 cards)
ASD was not described until
1940s
What are the DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for ASD?
o Deficits in social emotional reciprocity
o Deficits in nonverbal communication
oDeficits in developing, maintaining relationships
o Stereotyped, repetitive movements, speech, etc.
o Insistence on the sameness of routines of rituals
o Fixated interests of unusual intensity or focus
o Hypo or hyper activity to sensory input
what are some Stereotyped, repetitive movements, speech, etc. seen in ASD
→ Lining up/stacking toys in the same way over and over
→ Echolalia – repeating what other people say
→ Idiosyncratic phrases that are repeated frequently
how are ASD kids Hypo or hyper activity to sensory input
→Apparent indifference to pain, temperature
- self injury (banging head)
→Adverse response to specific sounds, textures, etc.
- bright lights, loud noises disturb them
→Excessive smelling, touching of objects
- Unusual ways of exploring objects (tactile), also towards people
ASD kids have the Highest level of comorbidity with what other disorder?
intellectual disability (formally called retardation)
What are some specifications for ASD
o With or without intellectual impairment or language impairment
o Associated with medical, genetic, environmental conditions
o Associated with another mental, behavioural disorder
o With Catatonic Excitement: excessive movement – slightly resembles hyperactivity in ADHD
What is APA treatment?
o Training the individual to use language (linking words with objects)
what are some associated features of ASD not necessary for diagnosis?
- Intellectual and/or language impairment
- Motor deficits
- Self-injury
- Disruptive or challenging behaviours
- Prone to anxiety, depression (adolescents or adults)
In what type of ASD is self injury most common?
o In the lower 40-50% it is very prevalent to the point where bones are broken
prevalence of ASD according to DSM-5?
100/10,000 = 1%
list the increase in prevalence (2003-2010) By Age.
o In 2-4 yr olds: 170% increase
o In 5-9 yr olds: 108% increase
o In 10-14 year olds: 204% increase
list the increase in prevalence (2003-2010) By Sex.
o Boys: 142% increase
o Girls: 161% increase
between 1987 and 1998 there was a ____% increase in prevalence
270
Why was there such a large increase in the prevalence of ASD?
• Increased awareness • Earlier Diagnosis (1 or 2 yrs) • Changes in diagnostic practice • Diagnostic substitution (kids with ASD were labeled as having only intellectual disability) • More Environmental toxins = more cases
What is the sex bias in ASD
• 4-5 times as common in boys than girls
Where is the lowest male/female ratio?
extreme low range of cognitive function
where is the highest male/female ratio?
normal range of cognitive function
____% of ASD will meet criteria for another disorder, ____% will meet two or more
70%, 40%
What disorders is ASD comorbid for? (%)
→intellectual disability: 70%
→ Anxiety of phobic disorder: 42%
→ ADHD: 40%
→ Opposition defiant Disorder: 28%
What psychological processes do ASD kids excel at?
o visuo-spatial processing
o Attention to detail
o Rote memory
What are savant abilities, who develops them?
o An island of special ability in a sea of deficits
- the lower half of the autism spectrum, in as high as 10%
What are some examples of savant abilities
o Mathematics, esp. rapid calculation
o Music – very quickly learn an instrument and repeat a musical piece after having heard it just once
o Calendar calculations
What are 2 hypothesis about savant abilities?
1) Whatever the diathesis deficits are also code for savant talent
2) We all have these abilities but they are somehow shutdown by our normal neurodevelopment
What are some motor development problems and the percentages associated with each?
- 60% = dysdiadochokinesia (Trouble with rapid alternating movement)
- 33% = Problems with gait or balance
- 15% = abnormal muscle tone
- 5% = abnormal reflexes
- 5% = Abnormal motor coordination
