Autoimmuity Flashcards
Define utoimmunity vc autoimmune disease
Autoimmunity: Immune response against the host due to the loss of immunological tolerance of self- antigen(s)
Autoimmune disease: Disease caused by tissue damage or disturbed physiological responses due to an auto-immune response
What are 2 types of autoimmune disease
Organ specific: One or multiple self antigens within one single organ or tissue
Non-organspecific:Wide distributed self antigens throughout the body
Name some common autoimmune diseases and their target autoantigens
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Name common autoimmune diseases and their clinical features
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What are hypersensitivity reactions driven by .
• Autoantibody driven
o Complement activation o Antibody-mediated cell
cytotoxicity
o Neutrophil activation
• Autoreactive T cell driven o CytotoxicTcells
o Macrophages
Lead to fibrosis - loss of function - resistant to therapy
What are the criteria fir the diagnosis of a disease as autoimmune
- Presence of autoantibodies/autoreactive T cells
- Levels of autoantibodies correlate with disease severity
- Autoantibodies/autoreactive T cells found at the site of
tissue damage - Transfer of auto-antibody or autoreactive T cells to a
healthy host induces the autoimmune disease - Clinical benefit provided by immunomodulatory therapy
- Family history
What are some examples of primary autoantibodies
Present since the onset of disease
Primary autoantibodies (rare) : (known as pathogenic)
• Anti-TSHR antibodies in Graves’ disease
• Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in Myasthenia gravis
• Anti-voltage-gated Ca2+ channel antibodies in Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome
• Anti-anti-Glomerular basement membrane antibodies in Goodpasture’s syndrome
What are some examples of secondary autoantibodies
Secondary autoantibodies
• Anti-nuclear antibodies in SLE
• Anti-gastric parietal cell antibodies in pernicious anaemia
• Anti-thyroid peroxydase antibodies in Hashimoto thyroiditis
• Anti-Rheumatoid Factor antibodies in Rheumatoid arthritis
Describe detection of serum autoantibodies and autoimmune disease
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Describe IgG transfer during pregnancy
Ss 78% of patiens wih autoimmune disease are female. Risk of neonate to develop autoimmune disease. IgG placental transfer in 3rd trimester.
Antibodies of vaccines, diseases, transferred to baby. But also antibodies to self antigen. IgG also crosses the placenta. Will also bind to same self antigen in baby. Most common - autoimmune thrombocytopenia
What are mechanisms of induction to autoimmunity
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What are factors which trigger autoimmunity
Genetic factors
o Increased risk with an affected sibling (8X)
o Increased risk with an affected identical twin (30X)
o AIRE mutations (APECED syndrome) that affect central tolerance
o Autoimmune disease associated with MHC variants (HLADR3/DR4)
Environmental factors
o Hormones
o Infections
o Drugs
Hormonal factors
- female sex: oestrogen and prolactin have a link
Infectious factors
What are some therapeutic drugs that can cause autoimmune conditions
Ss
What are current and future therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease
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What are some autoimmune diseases and therapies for them
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