Automation

Question 1

In this network type, network flow decisions are made by multiple routers in a decentralized fashion

Answer 1

traditional network

Question 2

In this network type, flow decisions are made by a central controller

Answer 2

controller based network

Question 3

A network can be logically divided by function, into layers known as planes. On which plane are network decisions made?

Answer 3

control plane

Question 4

On which plane do network access devices operate?

Answer 4

the data plane

Question 5

On which plane are configuration and maintenance tasks performed?

Answer 5

the management plane

Question 6

What are the main differences between a traditional network vs. controller based network?

Answer 6

Traditional network: the control plane is distributed among many devices.

Controller-based network: the decision making is moved to either a centralized single device, or the decision making logic is monitored by a central controller, instead of being distributed among many devices

Question 7

What is the primary difference between the data plane in a traditional network vs a controller based network?

Answer 7

The primary difference is how the control plane communicates with the data plane.

Traditional network: end devices transmit data to switches; switches will forward that data to the control plane.

Controller based network: the controller communicates with devices in the data plane via an API

Question 8

While both traditional and controller based networks use a management plane, what additional plane is used in a controller based network?

Answer 8

application plane

Question 9

Applications in this plane are designed to improve network management efficacy through network automation

Answer 9

the application plane

Question 10

This plane is considered a component of the management plane

Answer 10

the application plane is a component of the management plane

Question 11

Which plane can completely replace the management plane

Answer 11

the application plane can completely replace the management plane

Question 12

How does a controller communicate with applications in the application plane?

Answer 12

northbound API

Question 13

Why is the northbound APIs named as such?

Answer 13

northbound APIs are named as such because the application plane is typically depicted above the control plane

Question 14

How is device management on a controller-based network different from device management on a traditional network?

Answer 14

Traditional Network: configuration/maintenance is performed by an admin. either by physically connecting via console to a single device, or remotely connecting to a mgmt application in order to issue commands and verify or troubleshoot a configuration

Controller-based network: a central component (controller) is responsible for all network decision making. it communicates with devices via APIs, or interfaces into software applications

Question 15

Cisco Software-Defined Access (SDA)

Answer 15

is the Cisco-developed SDN that can build local area networks by using policies and automation

Question 16

Controller-based networks are also known as

Answer 16

SDNs

Question 17

Name the three architectural components that make up SDNs and therefore Cisco Software-Defined Access (SDA)

Answer 17

the underlay network, the overlay network, and the fabric

Question 18

The underlay network is comprised of

Answer 18

switches, or the physical composition of the network, devices, interfaces, and media that comprises the IP network that connects each fabric node

Question 19

Which routing protocols are used to support SDN underlay networks?

Answer 19

IS-IS, OSPF, EIGRP

Question 20

Why does Cisco recommend using IS-IS over OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols in SDN networks?

Answer 20

IS-IS performs better than OSPF or EIGRP and forms neighbor relationships without dependence on IP protocol configuration or operation

Question 21

An SDN or SDA overlay network is a logical or virtualized network that is formed

Answer 21

on top of the underlay network

Question 22

The data plane and control plane communication takes place in the ___ network

Answer 22

overlay

Question 23

Multiple overlay networks can be constructed over a

Answer 23

single underlay network

Question 24

The overlay network creates ___ tunnels between SDN or Cisco SDA switches

Answer 24

Virtual Extensible LAN or VXLAN

Question 25

VXLAN tunnels send and receive traffic between

Answer 25

fabric endpoints

Question 26

When an endpoint in a Cisco SDA network sends traffic to another endpoint, the traffic flows from the endpoint through the

Answer 26

overlay network's VXLAN tunnels

Question 27

What are the two APIs on which controller networks rely:

Answer 27

northbound APIs and southbound APIs

Question 28

Northbound APIs or northbound interfaces provide:

Answer 28

an interface for an SDN or Cisco SDA controller to communication with the application plane

Question 29

Southbound APIs, or southbound interfaces enable:

Answer 29

an SDN to communicate with devices in the data plane

Question 30

Applications use northbound APIs to:

Answer 30

send requests or instructions to a controller, which uses that information to modify and manage network flow.

Question 31

What are some examples of Southbound APIs

Answer 31

NETCONF, RESTCONF, OnePK, OpenFlow, and OpFlex are all examples of southbound APIs.

Question 32

APIs create a universal way for:

Answer 32

applications to communicate with data models

Question 33

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) verbs are also known as:

Answer 33

HTTP methods

Question 34

The REST API is a:

Answer 34

stateless method of creating, updating, modifying, and deleting information.

Question 35

What are the four primary actions that are performed by a REST API application?

Answer 35

The four primary actions that are performed by a REST API application are create, read, update, and delete (CRUD).

Question 36

The HTTP verb GET retrieves, but does not:

Answer 36

modify data

Question 37

{ "id": 99999, "action": "delete", "message": "Success" }

Answer 37

The HTTP verb delete

Question 38

{ "id": 99901, "action": "read", "fname": "Jill", "mname": "Anne", "lname": "Doe", "group": { "role": "Sales Assistant", "read-only": [ "Marketing Folder", "Editorial Folder" ] }, "admuser": false, "message": "Success" }

Answer 38

The HTTP verb GET

Question 39

{ "id": 99901, "action": "replace", "fname": "Jill", "mname": "Doe", "lname": "Reed", "group": { "role": "Senior Sales Assistant", "read-write": [ "Marketing Folder", "Editorial Folder", ], "read-only": [ "Accounting Folder" ] }, "admuser": false, "message": "Success" }

Answer 39

The HTTP verb PUT

Question 40

Configuration management tools are used to

Answer 40

automate the installation, configuration, and maintenance of multiple computer systems, including the software that runs on those systems

Question 41

What type of architecture does Puppet rely on for device management?

Answer 41

client/server architecture

Question 42

Chef operates on ___, ___, and ___ distros

Answer 42

Linux, UNIX, Windows

Question 43

Chef can use a client/server architecture or a:

Answer 43

standalone client configuration

Question 44

What Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port does Chef use to transmit and receive data?

Answer 44

HTTPS port, which is TCP port 443

Question 45

Managed nodes that are running the Chef Client can pull ___ from the server

Answer 45

cookbooks

Question 46

Ansible is often referred to as an agentless automation tool because:

Answer 46

it does not use agent software on managed nodes

Question 47

What code is this an example of:

file { '/tmp/testfile': ensure => 'present ', content => 'Only a test. Please delete.' }

Answer 47

a Puppet resource declaration

Question 48

What code is this an example of:

file 'testfile.html' content "Only a test. Please delete." end cookbook_file '/tmp/testfile.html' do source "testfile.html" action :create end

Answer 48

a Chef recipe

Question 49

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a data encoding format that is commonly used by:

Answer 49

Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) as an alternative to Extensible Markup Language (XML

Question 50

JSON returns data in the form of an ___ that contains key and value pair

Answer 50

object

Question 51

What type of server is typically queried in order to obtain JSON output?

Answer 51

HTTP server

Question 52

In order to obtain JSON output REST APIs rely on:

Answer 52

HTTP verbs to communicate with backend applications

Question 53

A REST API can be implemented by deploying a:

Answer 53

standard HTTP server

Question 54

JSON is considered to be more human-readable than

Answer 54

XML

Question 55

Name the six different types of JSON-encoded output:

Answer 55

Array Boolean Text Null Numeric Object

Question 56

What do the left curly brackets ({) and right curly brackets (}) in the JSON output indicate?

Answer 56

Left curly brackets and right curly brackets indicate the start and end of JSON objects

Question 57

What are the roles of left and right square brackets in JSON output?

Answer 57

A left square bracket ([) indicates the beginning of the array. A right square bracket (]) indicates the end of the array. Values are separated from the others by a comma.

Question 58

What is the difference between an empty string of text and a null value:

Answer 58

An empty string of text gives a value of zero (no quotation marks). A null value has no value at all. A null value can be assigned by using the term null without quotation marks.

Question 59

Administrative overhead

Answer 59

time/effort required to administer/implement/maintain systems.

Question 60

OSPF running on a series of routers is an example of

Answer 60

a traditional network

Question 61

This plane contains the devices that access and provide access to the network

Answer 61

data plane

Question 62

This plane includes the L2 and L3 switches that form the LAN

Answer 62

data plane

Question 63

This plane includes end devices that are connected to the switches

Answer 63

data plane

Question 64

This plane enables communication with controllers by using southbound APIs

Answer 64

data plane

Question 65

Which plane includes management protocols, such as Telnet, SSH, SNMP, Syslog

Answer 65

management plane

Question 66

This plane includes the tools administrators use to manage devices

Answer 66

management plane

Question 67

Controller based networks contain this plane, while traditional networks do not

Answer 67

application plane

Question 68

This plane is considered to be part of the management plane

Answer 68

the application plane

Question 69

This plane consists of software applications that are used to manage network devices

Answer 69

application plane

Question 70

This plane enables communication with controllers by using northbound APIs

Answer 70

application plane

Question 71

This plane can completely replace the management plane

Answer 71

application plane

Question 72

A controller communicates with the application plane using ___ bound APIs

Answer 72

northbound

Question 73

___ is an intelligent network architecture in which a software controller assumes the control plane functionality for all network service

Answer 73

SDN

Question 74

Southbound APIs enable an SDN controller to communicate with devices on the

Answer 74

data plane

Question 75

Northbound APIs enable an SDN controller to communicate with devices on the

Answer 75

application plane

Question 76

The ___ lay network includes the devices and protocols that comprise the physical network and establish IP connectivity

Answer 76

under

Question 77

The ___ lay network includes protocols such as IS-IS, OSPF, EIGRP

Answer 77

under

Question 78

The ___lay network is the logical/virtualized network that is formed on top of the underlay network

Answer 78

over

Question 79

Common ___lay protocols: VXLAN, VRF, NVGRE, GRE, OTV, and mVPN

Answer 79

over

Question 80

Fabric

Answer 80

is the combination of an underlay network and an overlay network

Question 81

The SDA fabric is managed through a controller and is implemented by a collection of

Answer 81

hardware devices, such as routers, switches, or wireless LAN controllers (WLCs)

Question 82

Northbound APIs are sometimes referred to as

Answer 82

NBIs

Question 83

Northbound APIs enable a controller to

Answer 83

communicate with the management and application planes

Question 84

Java Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi) and REST are examples of

Answer 84

northbound APIs

Question 85

This Northbound API is stateless

Answer 85

REST

Question 86

This Northbound API relies on HTTP verbs to implement CRUD functions

Answer 86

REST

Question 87

This Northbound API encodes data in either XML or JSON

Answer 87

REST

Question 88

A REST API can be implemented by deploying a

Answer 88

standard HTTP server

Question 89

REST APIs return data in one of two formats

Answer 89

XML or JSON

Question 90

CRUD

Answer 90

Create, Read, Update, Delete

Question 91

CRUD is implemented by using ___ verbs in the REST API

Answer 91

HTTP

Question 92

HTTP verbs are ___ used by HTTP clients to manipulate data that is stored on or delivered by an HTTP server

Answer 92

methods

Question 93

GET

Answer 93

equivalent to the **read** action that is defined by CRUD. It **does not modify data**.

Question 94

POST

Answer 94

is equivalent to the **create ** action that is defined by CRUD. **It does not modify existing data**.

Question 95

PATCH

Answer 95

is equivalent to the** update** action that is defined by CRUD. However, the PATCH verb is used to make only **partial changes** to data in the API.

Question 96

PUT

Answer 96

is also equivalent to the **update** action that is defined by CRUD. The PUT verb **completely replaces existing data** in the API.

Question 97

DELETE

Answer 97

is equivalent to the **delete** action that is defined by CRUD. It modifies data by erasing it from the data structure, thereby destroying it in the API.

Question 98

xml

Answer 98

XML is a more structured language than HTML that is used to format data in a way that can be easily transmitted over the Internet and parsed by a variety of applications.

Question 99

___ uses tags to define blocks of data

Answer 99

XML

Question 100

___ structured language design allows easy transportation over the internet and easy parsing by applications

Answer 100

XML's

Question 101

JSON

Answer 101

is a data encoding format that is commonly used by REST APIs as an alternative to XML

Question 102

JSON returns data in the form of an

Answer 102

object, that contains keys and pairs

Question 103

A JSON object can be identified by

Answer 103

the curly brackets that mark the beginning and the end of the object

Question 104

A left curly bracket ({) marks the ___ of a JSON object

Answer 104

beginning

Question 105

A right curly bracket ({) marks the ___ of a JSON object

Answer 105

end

Question 106

A single JSON object can contain multiple

Answer 106

key and value pairs

Question 107

Each key and value pair inside a JSON object is separated from the others by a

Answer 107

comma (,)

Question 108

Each JSON key and value pair is separated from its value by a

Answer 108

colon (:)

Question 109

JSON: The element in quotation marks on the left side of each colon is the

Answer 109

key

Question 110

The element on the right side of each colon is the ___, which might or might not be enclosed in quotation marks.

Answer 110

value

Question 111

There are several data value types that can be returned in JSON output:

Answer 111

array, boolean, null, numeric, object, text

Question 112

Southbound APIs

Answer 112

enable a controller to communicate with devices on the data plane

Question 113

NETCONF, RESTCONF, OnePK, OpenFlow, and OpFlex are examples of

Answer 113

southbound APIs

Question 114

NETCONF communicates

Answer 114

by using either SSH or TLS

Question 115

___ relies on YANG data models to communicate with network management applications

Answer 115

NETCONF

Question 116

encodes output in either XML or JSON

Answer 116

NETCONF

Question 117

is a southbound API that is intended to replace SNMP

Answer 117

RESTCONF

Question 118

Like NETCONF, ___ relies on YANG data modeling to communicate with network application

Answer 118

RESTCONF

Question 119

RESTCONF verbs

Answer 119

GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS

Question 120

RESTCONF can encode output in either ___ or ___ format

Answer 120

XML or JSON

Question 121

Configuration Management Mechanisms

Answer 121

are used to automate device management and configuration on a network

Question 122

Common configuration mechanisms

Answer 122

Puppet, Chef, Ansible

Question 123

is the most mature and widely used of the configuration management mechanisms

Answer 123

Puppet

Question 124

___ relies on a client/server architecture that involves a server and agent software

Answer 124

Puppet

Question 125

___ uses HTTPS on TCP port 8140

Answer 125

Puppet

Question 126

___ supports modules written in Ruby DSL or Puppet DSL

Answer 126

Puppet

Question 127

___ can use a client/server architecture or can operate as a standalone installation

Answer 127

Chef

Question 128

___ uses HTTPS on TCP port 443

Answer 128

Chef

Question 129

___ stores configurations in cookbooks written Ruby DSL

Answer 129

Chef

Question 130

___ is an agentless configuration management mechanism

Answer 130

Ansible

Question 131

___ uses SSH and TCP port 22 by default to connect to remote nodes

Answer 131

Ansible

Question 132

___ configurations are stored in playbooks that are written in YAML

Answer 132

Ansible

Question 133

nodes can download ___ modules from the server using SSH

Answer 133

Ansible

Question 134

HTTP GET

Answer 134

is a read action does not modify data

Question 135

HTTP POST

Answer 135

is a create action does not modify existing data

Question 135

HTTP PATCH

Answer 135

makes partial changes to data

Question 136

HTTP PUT

Answer 136

is an update action, it completely replaces data

Question 137

HTTP DELETE

Answer 137

deletes data by erasing it from the data structure