automic structure and periodic table

Question 1

noble gases

1. physical properties
2. chemical properties

Answer 1

1. colour less, odorless, gas

2. all members of this family are inert because their valence shells are complete

Question 2

halogens:
1.physical properties

2. chemical properties
3. what else?

Answer 2

1. coloured,dull, brittle, non-metals
2. all members of this family are reactive because their valence shells are short. reactivity increases up the family
3. so reactive that halogens will not be found in nature as an individual atom (br2 and F2)

Question 3

alkali metals

1. physical properties
2. chemical properties

Answer 3

1. silver, solid, shiny, soft, malleable/ductile,conductous
2. all members in this family are reactive because their valence shells have 1 electron. reactivity increases proceeding down the family

Question 4

alkali earth metals

1. physical properties
2. chemical properties

Answer 4

1. soft,silver,shiny,malleable,conductous
2. all members of this family are reactive because their valence shells have 2 excess electrons. reactivity increases proceeding down the family

Question 5

formations of ions
1.
2.

Answer 5

1. atoms are most energetically stable when they attain the noble gas electron configuration in which their outermost energy level is filled
2. Metals tend to lose electrons and non-metals tend to gain electrons

Question 6

Ion
1.
2.
3.

Answer 6

1.an ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule formed when a neutral atom either gain or lose electrons
2.the electric charge of an ion is determined by the number of electrons gained or lost
3.atoms that lose electrons=cations
atoms that gain electrons =anions

Question 7

Isoelectronic

Answer 7

refers to a set of atoms and or ions that all have the same electron configuration

Question 8

what determines how chemically reactive a certain atom will be?

Answer 8

the number of electrons and protons

Question 9

what determines whether a particular isotope will be radioactive?

Answer 9

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 10

combining capacity

Answer 10

how many bonds an element will provide to bond with another element

Question 11

valence electrons

Answer 11

electrons in the outermost shell

Question 12

metal properties

Answer 12

shiny,malleable, doctile,silvery colour, good conductor of heat and electricity,usually solid at room temp

located left of periodic table (of staircase)

tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)

Question 13

non-metal properties

Answer 13

dull, brittle, non-ductile, can be any colour, non conductor of both heat and electricity,can be any state at room temp

located on the right of periodic table (of staircase)

tend to gain electrons to for negative ions (anions)

Question 14

Semi metals (metalloids)

give examples

Answer 14

intermediate between metals and non-metals

located along the zig-zag line between metals and non metals (stair case)

can either lose or gain electrons to form cations or anions

ex. Carbon, silicon, arsenic, germanium

Question 15

periodic table vertical=

Answer 15

chemical family, groups, column

Question 16

periodic table horizontal=

Answer 16

periods, row

Question 17

periodic table and electron configuration trend

Answer 17

atoms in the same column of the periodic table contain the same number of valence electrons

Question 18

atomic radius

Answer 18

measurement in nanometers of the size of an atom as the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outside of the atom

Question 19

Atomic radius trends

Answer 19

going left of periodic table = increases (less protons)

going down = increases (number of orbitals increases)

Question 20

ionization energy

Answer 20

the amount of energy required to remove one electron from a neutral gaseous atom to form a positively charged ion

Question 21

ionization energy trends

Answer 21

moving right on periodic table increases ionization energy (protons increase = stronger bond with electrons so it’s hard to pull away)

moving up increases (less orbital shells so electrons are closer to protons therefore making it harder to pull away from)

Question 22

metallic properties

1.
2.
3.

Answer 22

1. the greater the ability to lose electrons the more metallic the element is
2. elements located on the left and are on the bottom are most metallic
3. the line that separates non-metals from metals zigzags toward the bottom right because it becomes progressively easier for the atoms of each element further down a column to lose electrons therefore becoming more metallic

Question 23

Wolfgang dobereiner 1828

Answer 23

Law of Triads

-groups of three elements appeared to have similar physical and chemical properties

Question 24

John Newlands 1864

Answer 24

Law of octaves
-when arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, every eighth element appeared to have similar physical and chemical properties

Question 25

Dimitri Mendeleev 1869

Answer 25

periodic law -the properties of elements periodically when arranged in increasing order by atomic mass (concluded from 63 elements 1. atomic number and protons did not exist yet 2. grouped elements inter families in same columns based on similarities in physical and chemical properties 3. able to predict undiscovered elements and comparing to existing elements on chart

Question 26

Henry Mosley 1915

Answer 26

Atomic number | -rearranged elements to increasing atomic number two changed elements were iodine and tellurium

Question 27

The modern periodic law

Answer 27

the properties of the elements recur periodically when the elements are arranged in increasing order by atomic number

Question 28

period

Answer 28

horizontal row numbered from 1-18

Question 29

family or group

Answer 29

a vertical column of elements having similar physical and chemical properties from 1-18

Question 30

aufbau principle

Answer 30

the minimum number of shells must be used

Question 31

why are some isotopes of elements not shown?

Answer 31

they are not natural occurring isotopes