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Medsci142 > Autonomic and Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Autonomic and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Two Classifications of Motor(Efferent) Neurons?

A

Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons

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2
Q

Are Somatic Motor Neruons under Voluntary or Involuntary Control?

A

Voluntary

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3
Q

What do Somatic Motor Neurons Innervate?

A

Skeletal Muscles under cerebrocortical control

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4
Q

What are the Two Classifications of Autonomic Motor Neurons?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Are Autonomic Motor Neurons under Voluntary or Involuntary control?

A

Involuntary

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6
Q

Where does the Autonomic System recieve its Sensory Input from?

A

Mainly Interoceptors (Internal sensing)

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7
Q

The Autonomic System is Controlled by what?

A

Limbic system, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord

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8
Q

How many Neurons are part of an Autonomic Pathway from the Spinal Cord?

A

Two

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9
Q

In the Autonomic System, are Pre-Ganglionic Nerves Myelinated?

A

Yes

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10
Q

In the Autonomic System, are Post-Ganglionic Nerves Myelinated?

A

No

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11
Q

What do Autonomic Motor Neurons Innervate?

A

Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle and Glands

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12
Q

When an Action Potential reaches an Axon Terminal of a Neuron, what happens?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, causing an influx of Ca2+ ions into the axon terminal

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13
Q

What does an Influx of Ca2+ Ions cause in the Pre-Synaptic Neuron?

A

Vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

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14
Q

What do the Neurotransmitters released from the Pre-Synaptic Neuron bind to?

A

Ligand gated Na+ channels in the post-synaptic neuron

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15
Q

What does the Binding of Neurotransmitters onto Ligand Gated Na+ Channels in the Post-Synaptic Neuron cause?

A

An influx of Na+ into the post-synaptic neuron, causing the depolarisation of the cell membrane and the creation of an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron

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16
Q

What is another name for the Alarm Response?

A

The “Fight or Flight” response

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17
Q

What happens to our Cardiovascular System during the Alarm Response?

A

Heart rate, heart contraction force and blood pressure increase
Blood vessels (especially in skin) constrict
Blood sugar level also increases

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18
Q

What happens to our Eyes during the Alarm Response?

A

Pupils dilate

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19
Q

What happens within our Digestive system during the Alarm Response?

A

Salivation and other digestive activities decrease to conserve energy

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20
Q

What happens within our Lungs during the Alarm Response?

A

Bronchi dilate to increase capacity for oxygen gas exchange

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21
Q

What happens to the Skin during the Alarm Response?

A

Arrector pili muscles contract and sweat secretion increases from sweat glands

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22
Q

What happens to our Cardiovascular System during the Relaxation Response?

A

Heart rate and force of heart contraction decrease
Peripheral blood vessels dilate

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23
Q

What happens to our Eyes during the Relaxation Response?

A

Pupils contract

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24
Q

What happens within our Digestive System during the Relaxation Response?

A

Salivation and other digestive activities increase

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25
Q

What happens within our Lungs during the Relaxation Response?

A

Constriction of Bronchi

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26
Q

Responses associated with Exercise, Emotion and Excitement are under the ___ Division

A

Responses associated with Exercise, Emotion and Excitement are under the Sympathetic Division

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27
Q

Responses associated with Repletion, Rest and Relaxation are under the ___ Division

A

Responses associated with Repletion, Rest and Relaxation are under the Parasympathetic Division

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28
Q

What Neurotransmitter do both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Pre-Ganglionic Neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine

29
Q

What Neurotransmitter do Most Sympathetic Post-Ganglionic Neurons use?

A

Norepinephrine

30
Q

What Neurotransmitter do Sympathetic Post-Ganglionic Neurons innervating Sweat Glands use?

A

Acetylcholine

31
Q

What Neurotransmitter do Parasympathetic Post-Ganglionic Neurons use?

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

Is the Sympathetic system always active?

A

Yes, just turned up and down when needed

33
Q

What is Raynaud Disease?

A

The sympathetic system’s inability to deactivate quickly after being stimulated by cold temperatures, resulting in chronic vasoconstriction, causing fingers and toes to become ischemic (lack of blood) and turn white

34
Q

What does the Hypothalamus control?

A

Internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
Behavioural patterns, circadian rhythms and sleep/wake cycles
Body temperature
Eating and drinking behaviour

35
Q

What are the Main Organs in the Endocrine System?

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal glands

36
Q

Endocrine Hormone Target Cells are typically Near or Far from the Endocrine Cell?

A

Far, endocrine hormones need to use bloodstream to reach target cells

37
Q

Paracrine Hormone Target Cells are typically Near or Far from the Paracrine Cell?

A

Near, don’t typically need to use the bloodstream for hormone to reach target cell

38
Q

What cells do Autocrine Hormones affect?

A

They affect the cell that secreted them

39
Q

Hormones can either be ___ Soluble or ___ Soluble

A

Hormones can either be Lipid-Soluble or Water-Soluble

40
Q

What do Lipid-Soluble Hormones require to pass through the Blood Stream?

A

Transport proteins

41
Q

Can Lipid-Soluble Hormones diffuse directly through the Plasma Membrane?

A

Yes

42
Q

Where do Lipid-Soluble Hormones typically Act?

A

In the nuclei of target cells, altering gene expression and therefore cell activity

43
Q

Can Water-Soluble hormones diffuse through the Plasma Membrane?

A

No

44
Q

After a Water-Soluble Hormone binds to a Receptor on the surface of a cell, what type of protein is activated?

A

G-protein

45
Q

What does an Activated G-Protein activate?

A

Adenyl Cyclase

46
Q

What does Activated Adenyl Cyclase do?

A

Converts ATP to cAMP, a second messenger

47
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

Activates protein kinases, which can then phosphorylate other enzymes, causing reactions which induce physiological responses

48
Q

cAMP is Deactivated by what?

A

Phosphodiesterase

49
Q

How many different Hormones does the Hypothalamus secrete to control the Pituitary?

A

Nine

50
Q

How many different Hormones does the Pituitary secrete to control Endocrine Organs?

A

Seven

51
Q

What connects the Pituitary to the Hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum

52
Q

Which Blood Vessels connect the Hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary?

A

The Hypophyseal Portal Veins

53
Q

What do the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland jointly Regulate?

A

Growth, Metabolism, Development and Homeostasis

54
Q

In the Adrenal Medulla, Sympathetic Pre-Ganglionic Neurons innervate ___. These cells secrete ___ and ___ into the bloodstream

A

In the Adrenal Medulla, Sympathetic Pre-Ganglionic Neurons innervate Modified Post-Ganglionic Neurons (with no axons). These cells secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine into the bloodstream

55
Q

What do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do to the Alarm Response?

A

Maintain and enhance the alarm response

56
Q

What Hormones are produced in the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. Aldosterone) and Glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)

57
Q

What causes Mineralocorticoid Secretion from the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Increased K+ and angiotensin II in the blood

58
Q

What causes Glucocorticoid Secretion from the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release from the pituitary gland, Stimulated by Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the Hypothalamus

59
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

A

Increase blood Na+ and water levels and decrease blood K+ levels, increasing blood volume and pressure

60
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A

Initiate a resistance reaction to stress, dampen inflammation and depress immune responses

61
Q

In relation to Proteins (especially in muscle fibres), what does Cortisol do?

A

Induce the breakdown of proteins into amino acids for release into the bloodstream to aid tissue repair, new protein synthesis and ATP production

62
Q

In relation to the Liver, what does Cortisol do?

A

Promotes Gluconeogenesis, raising glucose levels for ATP production

63
Q

In terms of Adipose Tissue, what does Cortisol do?

A

Promotes triglyceride breakdown and fatty acids to be released into the blood to aid in tissue repair

64
Q

In terms of Blood Vessels, what does Cortisol do?

A

Increases sensitivity of blood vessels to vasoconstriction hormones, increasing blood pressure

65
Q

In terms of Inflammation, what does Cortisol do?

A

Limits inflammation to limit tissue damage done by white blood cells, which does also slow tissue repair and wound healing

66
Q

In terms of the Immune System, what does Cortisol do?

A

It supresses some immune responses

67
Q

In response to High Blood Cortisol Levels after the Removal Of The Stressor, the Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus do what?

A

The pituitary gland stops secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the hypothalamus stops secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

68
Q

The Two Components of the Stress Response are…

A
  1. The Alarm Response (Immediate Sympathetic Nerve Activity and release of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine from the Adrenal Medulla)
  2. The Resistance Reaction (Slower and longer lasting hormone driven activity in the Adrenal Cortex, releasing Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids)

Medsci142 (11 decks)

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