Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BMS2021 > Autonomic Control of Metabolism > Flashcards

Autonomic Control of Metabolism Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the process of synthesising noradrenaline from tyrosine?

A

In the terminal button of a neuron tyrosine is converted into DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase. DOPA is then converted into Dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase. The Dopamine travels through a vesicular monoamine transported into a vesicle where it is then converted into noradrenaline by Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does an action potential cause the release of neurotransmitters?

A

When the action potential reaches the axon terminal it causes calcium ion channels to open increasing the Ca+ concentration in the cell. This causes the vesicle to fuse with the cell membrane, causing the neurotransmitters to be released into the synapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the action of noradrenaline terminated?

A

Reuptake into presynaptic neuron

Enzymatic breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is adrenaline made?

A

Adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which enzyme converts noradrenaline into adrenaline?

A

PNMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False:

Alpha-receptors are only activated by noradrenaline

A

False

Both adrenaline and noradrenaline activates the alpha-receptor but noradrenaline activates it more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which molecule activates a beta-receptor more, adrenaline or noradrenaline?

A

Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which cytoplasmic loop of the GPCR is the most important to function?

A

3rd

It couples to G-proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In which tissues are Beta1-receptors found?

A

Heart
Liver
Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In which tissues are Beta2-receptors found?

A

Lungs

Blood vessel beds of skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In which tissues are Beta3-receptors found?

A

Adipose cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of beta-receptor activation in the liver?

A

Glycogenolysis (B1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of beta-receptor activation in the skeletal muscle?

A

Glycogenolysis (B1)
Glucose uptake (B2)
Thermogenesis (B3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of beta-receptor activation in white adipose tissue?

A

Lipolysis (B3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of beta-receptor activation in brown adipose tissue?

A

Thermogenesis (B3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the liver, which enzymes are activated/inhibited by adrenaline?

A

Activated: glycogen phosphorylase
Inhibited: glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the muscle, which enzymes are activated/inhibited by adrenaline?

A

Activated: glycogen phosphorylase
Inhibited: glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the fat, which enzymes are activated/inhibited by adrenaline?

A

Activated: lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or False:

Adrenaline can stimulate glucose uptake into muscle independent of insulin

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

the outer portion of the adrenal gland located on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones which regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism and mineralocorticoid hormones which regulate salt and water balance in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

the inner portion of adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla makes adrenaline and noradrenaline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress and increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure, and raises the blood levels of glucose and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an alpha-adrenoreceptor?

A

a class of GPCRs targeted by noradrenaline and adrenaline. Common effects of α-receptors include vasoconstriction of veins and a decrease in motility of smooth muscle in the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

the part of thenervous systemthat controls and regulates the internal organs without any conscious recognition or effort by the organism. Theautonomic nervous systemcomprises two antagonistic sets ofnerves, the sympathetic and parasympatheticnervous systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a barbituate?
a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia
26
What is a Beta1-receptor?
a class of GPCRs targeted by noradrenaline and adrenaline. Common effects of the β1-receptor include an increase in cardiac output, glycogenolysis, renin secretion from the kidneys and ghrelin secretion from the stomach.
27
What is a Beta2-receptor?
a class of GPCRs targeted by noradrenaline and adrenaline. Common effects of the β2-receptor include smooth muscle relaxation, lipolysis, glycogenolysis and insulin secretion
28
What is a Beta3-receptor?
a class of GPCRs targeted by noradrenaline and adrenaline. Common effects of the β3-receptor include enhancement of lipolysis in white adipose tissue and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
29
What is brown adipose tissue (BAT)?
a type of adipose tissue with its primary function being thermoregulation. Brown adipocytes contain numerous small droplets of lipids and a mu higher number of mitochondria, which give it its brown appearance
30
What is clenbuterol?
a drug that acts as a β2 agonist which increases oxygen uptake and glycogenolysis. Clenbuterol is a common performance enhancing drug
31
What is cytochrome p450?
proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor. They are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains
32
What is diazepam?
a drug, also known as Valium, that is a part of the benzodiazepine family that produces a calming effect
33
What is dobutamine?
a drug that acts as a β1 agonist which increases cardiac output. This drug is commonly used to treat heart failure
34
What is DOPA decarboxylase?
an enzyme that catalyses several reactions with the most important being the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine which is a step in the synthesis of noradrenaline
35
What is dopamine?
a type of neurotransmitter that acts in the brain that is also required to synthesis noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla
36
What is dopamine β-hydroxylase?
an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of dopamine into noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla
37
What does innervated mean?
to control an organs activity through nerves
38
What is isoprenaline?
a drug that acts as a non-selective agonist of β-receptors. This drug is commonly used to treat bradycardia (slow heart beat) and heart block
39
What is monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
an enzyme required to breakdown, and hence deactivate, noradrenaline (and adrenaline) after its reuptake into the neuron
40
What is metoprolol?
a drug that acts as a β1 antagonist which is used to treat high blood pressure, poor blood flow to the heart and abnormally high heart rate
41
What is noradrenaline?
a substance that acts as both a neurotransmitter and hormone, secreted in the central nervous system, at the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system, and by the adrenal medulla
42
What is the pharmacodynamics phase?
the mechanism of action of the drug on the body tissues; that is , the response of tissues to specific chemical agents at various sites in the body
43
What is the pharmacokinetics phase?
the phase that looks at the concentration of a drug during the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
44
What is PNMT?
an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that catalyses the conversion of noradrenaline into adrenaline
45
What are pro drugs?
a biologically inactive compound which can be metabolised in the body to produce a drug
46
What is propranolol?
a drug that acts as a non-selective antagonist which is used to treat high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat and tremors
47
What is salbutamol?
a drug that acts as a β2 agonist which act as bronchodilators. It is used to treat asthma
48
What is serotonin?
a neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan than is primarily found in the GI tract, blood platelets and CNS
49
What does sublingual mean?
situated or applied under the tongue
50
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
a branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for the fight or flight response that includes acceleration of heart rate, widening of bronchial passages, decreased digestion, constriction of blood vessels and many other things
51
What is systemic circulation?
the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
52
What is tyrosine hydroxylase?
an enzyme required for the synthesis of noradrenaline. It catalyses the conversion of tyrosine into DOPA
53
What is a vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)?
transporters that are responsible for the uptake of dopamine into synaptic vesicles where it can then be converted into noradrenaline
54
What are xenobiotics?
a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism
55
What is the effect of β1-adrenoreceptors activation in the heart?
Increased force of contraction Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output/stroke volume
56
What are the effects of β1-adrenorecptor antagonists?
Reduction in exercise tolerance: small increase in heart rate and force and small increase in blood flow in response to exercise
57
True or False: | The bronchial smooth muscle is largely innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
False | It is not innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
58
What type of β receptor regulate bronchodilation?
β2 adrenoreceptors
59
What would a β-adrenoceptor blocker do in the lung?
Cause the vessels to constrict
60
What would a β-adrenoceptor blocker do in the liver?
Prevent the release of glucose
61
What are the side-effects of β2 agonists?
Skeletal muscle tremor
62
What would a β2 agonist do in the skeletal muscle?
Dilate arterioles and increase blood supply to muscles. Increased twitch tension of fast muscle (decrease slow muscle) Increased instability of reflex control of muscle length (tremor)
63
What is an example of a β1 agonist?
Dobutamine
64
What is an example of a β1 antagonist?
Metoprolol
65
What is an example of a β2 agonist?
Salbutamol or clenbuterol
66
What is an example of a nonselective β adrenoreceptor agonist?
Isoprenaline
67
What is an example of a nonselective β adrenoreceptor antagonist?
Propranolol
68
What are the expected effects of β-adrenoreceptor antagonists?
Fatigue (during exercise) Cold extremities Narrowing of bronchi Steadiness of voluntary muscle
69
What are the expected effects of β-adrenoreceptor agonists?
Increased heart rate and force Increased blood flow to voluntary muscles Widening of bronchi Enhanced muscle tremor
70
What are the functions of the liver?
``` Distribution of nutrients All types of metabolism Excretion of bile acids and urea Destruction of toxic substances Depot of iron, vitamins ```
71
What are the stages of the pharmacokinetics phase?
ADME! Absoption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
72
What characteristics must a drug have to be effective?
``` Lipid solubility (to move into cells) Water solubility (dissolve in blood and excretion) ```
73
True or False: | Most hydrophilic drugs are less biotransformed and excreted unchanged
True
74
Where is the main site from the metabolism of drugs?
Liver
75
Which organ is responsible for filtering drugs?
Kidneys
76
What does phase 1 of metabolism involve?
The oxidation, reduction and/or hydrolysis of drugs by liver microsomal enzymes in order to make the drugs more polar
77
What family of enzymes are responsible for phase 1 of metabolism?
Cytochrome p450
78
What does phase 2 of metabolism involve?
Conjugation of the drug by liver cytosolic enzymes that add an endogenous molecule to the drug to increase its polarity (and hence water solubility)
79
Which enzyme is responsible for phase 2 of metabolism?
UDP glucurononyl transferase
80
What factors influence the activities and levels of CYP enzymes?
``` Nutrition Smoking Alcohol Drugs Environment Genetic Polymorphism ```
81
What factors affect drug metabolism?
``` Genetic variability Race and Ethnicity Age Sex Diet Drug interactions Disease ```
82
What happens in the body when a large dose of paracetamol is taken?
CYP450 metabolism is dominant which converts the paracetamol into large amounts of NAPQI which results in the destruction of liver cells and hepatotoxicity
83
Why does a large dose of paracetamol lead to hepatotoxicity?
Toxicity can arise when glutathione (the enzyme that detoxifies NAPQI) is depleted or normal conjugation is prevented

BMS2021 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions