Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 1 Semester 2 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic fibres originate from?

A

The central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do post-ganglionic fibres originate from?

A

Autonomic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the pre-ganglionic outflow of each system of the ANS

A

Sympathetic - Thoracolumbar (leaves spinal cord at thoracic and upper lumbar region)
Parasympathetic - Craniosacral (leaves from brain stem and sacro-spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system synapse?

A

Paravertebral chain (close to spinal cord) or prevertebral ganglia (just in front of vertebra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system synapse?

A

In or near target organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is nicknamed the fight or flight system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is nicknamed the fight or flight system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is nicknamed the rest and digest system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the heart?

A

Decreased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the heart?

A

Increased heart rate

Increased force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the digestive tract?

A

Increased motility and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the digestive tract?

A

Decreased motility and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the urinary bladder?

A

Release of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the urinary bladder?

A

Urinary retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the pupil of the eye?

A

Constricts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the pupil of the eye?

A

Dilates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the pupil of the eye?

A

Dilates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the males sexual organs?

A

Erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the males sexual organs?

A

Erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the sympathetic effect on the male sexual organs?

A

Ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the blood vessels?

A

No effect (apart from those related to sexual organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
What is the sympathetic effect on the blood vessels?
Constriction (apart from some skeletal muscle situations)
24
What is the parasympathetic effect on the salivary glands?
Increased secretion
25
What is the sympathetic effect on the salivary glands?
Increased secretion
26
What is the parasympathetic effect on the sweat glands?
No effect
27
What is the sympathetic effect on the sweat glands?
Increased secretion
28
What is the parasympathetic effect on the liver?
No effect
29
What is the sympathetic effect on the liver?
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
30
What is the parasympathetic effect on the pilomotor?
No effect
31
What is the sympathetic effect on the pilomotor?
Piloerection
32
What is mydriasis?
Dilation of the pupil (sympathetic)
33
What is miosis?
Constriction of the pupil (parasympathetic)
34
What is the purpose of the canal of Schlemm?
Drain excess fluid out of the eye
35
What effect would a sympathetic agonist have on the eye?
Mydriasis (dilation)
36
What effect would a parasympathetic antagonist have on the eye?
Mydriasis (dilation)
37
How does the ANS work when the bladder is filling?
Sympathetic control predominates - Relaxation of detrusor muscle - Contraction of internal sphincter muscles
38
How does the ANS work when the bladder is full?
Parasympathetic control predominates - Contraction of detrusor muscle - Relaxation of internal sphincter muscle
39
Describe sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland
- Preganglionic sympathetic fibres synapse on chromaffin cells - Chromaffin cells release adrenaline (roughly 80%) and noradrenaline (roughly 20%) into systemic circulation - Results in widespread tissue response
40
Features of neurotransmitters of the ANS
- All pre-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems release ACh - nicotinic receptors - All post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons release ACh - muscarinic receptors - Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release noradrenaline - some release ACh (i.e sweat glands)
41
What type of nicotinic receptors are found in muscle?
(alpha-1)2beta-1-delta-epsilon
42
What type of nicotinic receptors are found in ganglia?
(alpha-3)2(beta-2)3
43
What are predominate locations of nicotinic ACh receptors?
- Neuromuscular junction - Sympathetic ganglia - Parasympathetic ganglia - Central nervous system
44
What are predominate locations of muscarinic ACh receptors?
- Parasympathetic target organs - Sweat glands (sympathetic) - Vascular smooth muscle - Central nervous system
45
Can we differentiate muscarinic from nicotinic?
- Nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptors share some agonists, but can be differentiated by others - Drugs that affect the synthesis, storage, release and termination of ACh will affect both receptor types - Drugs that affect ACh at the Sk. NMJ may affect the ANS
46
What is the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor specificity for acetylcholine?
Muscarinic - Very strong | Nicotinic - Very strong
47
What is the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor specificity for nicotine?
Muscarinic - very little/none | Nicotinic - very strong
48
What is the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor specificity for Muscarine?
Muscarinic - very strong | Nicotinic - very weak/none
49
What is the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor specificity for bethanecol?
Muscarinic - very strong | Nicotinic - very weak/none
50
What is the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor specificity for pilocarpine?
Muscarinic - Quite strong | Nicotinic - very weak/none
51
What are the main locations of M1 (neural) muscarinic ACh receptors?
- Autonomic ganglia | - Glands: gastric, salivary, lacrimal
52
What are the main locations of M2 (cardiac) muscarinic ACh receptors?
Heart: atria
53
What are the main locations of M3 (glandular/smooth muscle) muscarinic ACh receptors?
- Exocrine glands: gastric, salivary - Smooth muscle: GI tract, eye, airways, bladder - Blood vessels: endothelium
54
What is the cellular response of M1 receptors?
-Increase in IP3 and DAG
55
What is the cellular response of M2 receptors?
Decrease in cAMP
56
What is the cellular response of M3 receptors?
Increase in IP3 and DAG
57
What is the functional response of M1 receptors?
Gastric secretion
58
What is the functional response of M2 receptors?
Cardiac inhibition
59
What are the functional responses of M3 receptors?
- Gastric, salivary secretion - GI smooth muscle contraction - Ocular accommodation - Vasodilation
60
Are all muscarinic receptors in the ANS?
- No - M1,2,4 and 5 also found in CNS - M3 found on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells
60
Are all muscarinic receptors in the ANS?
- No - M1,2,4 and 5 also found in CNS - M3 found on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells
61
What is pilocarpine?
Non-selective muscarinic agonist
62
What are some clinical uses of pilocarpine?
- Constriction of pupils (miosis) - Glaucoma (to decrease IOP) - Xerostomia (following head/neck radiotherapy)
63
What is bethanechol?
Non-selective muscarinic agonist
64
What are some clinical uses of bethanechol?
Bladder and gastrointestinal hypotonia
65
What are some pharmacological properties of atropine?
- Non-selective muscarinic antagonist - Well absorbed orally - CNS effects
66
What are some pharmacological properties of glycopyrronium?
- Similar to atropine | - Does not cross blood brain barrier
67
What are some pharmacological properties of hyoscine hydrobromide?
- Similar to atropine | - CNS effects
68
What are some pharmacological properties of hyoscine butylbromide?
- Similar to atropine but poorly absorbed | - Does not cross blood brain barrier
69
What are some pharmacological properties of ipratropium?
- Delivered via inhaler or nebuliser | - Does not cross blood brain barrier
70
What are some pharmacological properties of tropicamide?
-Similar to atropine but shorter acting
71
What are some clinical uses of atropine?
- Adjunct for anaesthesia - Anticholinesterase poisoning - Bradycardia/cardiac arrest
72
What are some clinical uses of glycopyrronium?
Similar to atropine
73
What are some clinical uses of hyoscine hydrobromide?
- Hypersalivation | - Motion sickness
74
What are some clinical uses of hyoscine butylbromide?
Gastrointestinal spasms
75
What are some clinical uses of ipratropium?
Maintenance treatment of COPD
76
What are some clinical uses of tropicamide?
Opthalmic use (mydriasis)
77
What facilitates release of noradrenaline?
Calcium ions
78
How does noradrenaline carry out negative feedback?
- alpha-2 adrenoreceptors on the presynaptic terminal - Noradrenaline binds to these receptors inhibiting adenylyl cyclase which regulates calcium flow across membrane - Results in a decrease in calcium influx and therefore a decrease in noradrenaline release
79
Is noradrenaline degraded outside the neuron?
- No, there is no equivalent to acetylcholinesterases for noradrenaline - ~75% recaptured by neurons - Using norepinephrine transporter (NET) - Repackaged by vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
80
What are drugs that affect noradrenergic neurons?
Drugs that affect catecholamine synthesis -e.g. methyldopa Drugs that affect catecholamine release - indirectly acting sympathomimetics e.g. amphetamines - by acting on alpha-2 adrenoreceptors e.g. clondine Inhibitors of catecholamine uptake -NET inhibitors e.g. cocaine, tricylic antidepressants Inhibitors of catecholamine metabolic degradation -monoamine oxidase inhibitors used in depression
81
What are the three main catecholamines?
- Dopamine - Noradrenaline - Adrenaline
82
Define metabotropic receptors and give an example
- G-protein coupled receptors | - e.g adrenergic receptors
83
What are the two main groups of adrenoreceptors?
- Alpha - alpha-1, alpha-2 | - Beta - beta-1, beta-2, beta-3
84
What are some features of alpha-1 adrenoreceptors?
Main ANS locations: - cardiovascular - GI tract - genitourinary Cellular response: -Increase IP3 and DAG Functional ANS response: - Vasoconstriction - Smooth muscle contraction (GI sphincters and genitourinary)
85
What are some features of alpha-2 adrenoreceptors?
Main ANS locations: -Neuronal Cellular response: -decrease cAMP Functional ANS response: -decrease transmitter release
86
What are some features of beta-1 adrenoreceptors?
Main ANS locations: - Heart - Kidneys Cellular response: -Increase cAMP Functional ANS response: - Increase cardiac rate - Increase cardiac force - Renin release
87
What are some features of beta-2 adrenoreceptors?
Main ANS locations: - Lungs - Smooth muscle - Skeletal muscle Cellular response: -Increase cAMP Functional ANS response: - Bronchodilation - Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle - Vasodilation (sk. muscle) - Tremor
88
What does phenylephrine do?
- Constriction of airway blood vessels (alpha-1) | - Used to reduce nasal congestion
89
What drugs can be used to cause bronchodilation via the beta-2 adrenoreceptors when treating asthma?
- Salbutamol - Salmeterol - Terbutaline
90
What is the main difference between salbuatmol and salmeterol?
Salbutamol is short-acting whereas salmeterol is long-acting
91
What side effects can salbutamol and salmeterol cause?
Muscle tremor and cardiac arrhythmias
92
How can salbutamol aid in premature labour?
Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle allowing delay in delivery
93
What is the basic equation to determine mean arterial blood pressure?
Mean arterial blood pressure = cardiac output multiplied by total peripheral resistance
94
How does the sympathetic nervous system increase cardiac output?
- By increasing the heart rate - By increasing the volume pumped on each stroke - Both mediated by beta-1 receptors
95
How does the sympathetic nervous system increase total peripheral resistance?
- By constricting blood vessels (mainly small arteries/arterioles) - Mediated by alpha-1 receptors
96
What is the purpose of dobutamine?
- Increase heart rate and force (beta-1) | - Can be used to treat cardiogenic shock
97
What drugs are used to treat hypertension and how do they work?
- Prazosin - Vasodilation by blocking alpha-1 receptors - Propranolol - decrease heart rate and force by blocking beta-1 receptors, decrease renin release by kidneys (beta-1) - Atenolol - decrease heart rate by blocking beta-1 receptors, decrease renin release by kidneys (beta-1) - Clonidine - stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha-2 receptors to decrease NA release, also has central effect
98
What drugs are used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias and how do they work?
- Propanolol - decrease heart rate and force by blocking beta-1 receptors, decrease renin release by kidneys (beta-1) - Atenolol - decrease heart rate and force by blocking beta-1 receptors, decrease renin release by kidneys (beta-1)

Year 1 Semester 2 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions