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NUNA 681(pharm) > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

autonomic nervous system controls

A

visceral functions (involuntary)

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2
Q

ANS activation occurs mainly from

A

hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord

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3
Q

ANS divisions

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. enteric (GI function regulated independent from the two other divisions)
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4
Q

ANS activity is

A

a balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

most target organs have innervation from

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

sympathetic nerves arise from

A

T1 to L2 segments of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar system)

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7
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in

A

the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

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8
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibers leave

A

with the ventral nerve roots and go into one of 22 pairs of ganglia in the paravertebral sympathetic chain

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9
Q

some sympathetic preganglionic neurons are __ level, but most travel ___

A

at the same

cephalad or caudal prior to synapsing

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10
Q

in the sympathetic chain, most preganglionic neurons synapse with

A

cell bodies of postganglionic fibers

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11
Q

most sympathetic postganglionic fibers exit the chain for

A

the target organs

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12
Q

sympathetic preganglionic are mostly __, __ fibers

A

myelinated

fairly slow B

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13
Q

sympathetic postganglionic are mostly __, __ fibers

A

unmyelinated

C

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14
Q

parasympathetic nerves arise from

A

cranial nerves III, V, VII, IX, and X and from the sacral spinal cord (craniosacral system)

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15
Q

parasympathetic- cranial III, V, VII, IX supply

A

the head

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16
Q

parasympathetic- cranial X (vagus)

A

75% of all parasympathetic NS fibers are supplying the thorax and abdomen

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17
Q

parasympathetic- sacral S2, S3 and sometimes S1, S4 supply

A

the pelvis

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18
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers pass to

A

ganglia near or in target organs

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19
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are

A

short, due to their proximity to the target organ (contracting with those of sympathetic NS)

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20
Q

all preganglionic neurons release

A

acetylcholine (ACh)- cholinergic fibers

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21
Q

ACh release at preganglionic fibers activates

A

both SNS and PNS postganglionic fibers

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22
Q

PNS postganglionic fibers and some SNS fibers secrete

A

ACh (sweat glands and some blood vessels)

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23
Q

sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release

A

norepinephrine

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24
Q

sympathetic NS postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine called

A

adrenergic fibers

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25
other NTs of the ANS include
dopamine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), ATP, and neuropeptide Y
26
NTs are stored in
synaptic vesicles in nerve endings
27
norepinephrine is synthesized from
phenylalanine and tyrosine by series of enzymatic-controlled steps
28
enzymatic-controlled steps to synthesize norepinephrine
tyrosine-dopa-dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine
29
norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine may __ and has a slight __ action than ACh
circulate longer (circulating 1/2 life of 2 minutes)
30
termination of action of norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine
1. reuptake 2. metabolism 3. dilution
31
reuptake of norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine
80% back into postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings (reusable, can be blocked- cocaine)
32
metabolism of norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine
1. monoamine oxidase 2. catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
33
norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism- monoamine oxidase (MAO)
located intracellularly on the mitochondria of noradrenergic nerve endings
34
norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism- catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT)
located excellularly in many tissues, mostly in the liver
35
norepinephrine synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism- dilution by
diffusion from receptors
36
acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase is stored in
synaptic vesicles
37
acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase is rapidly metabolized by
acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetate
38
acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A by choline acetyltransferase has a __ duration and __ effect
short highly localized
39
alpha 1 stimulation is __synaptic
post
40
alpha 1 stimulation is located in
smooth muscle throughout, blood vessels, GI tract, GU system, eye, lungs, uterus
41
alpha 1 stimulation- __ of vascular smooth muscle (skin, mucosa, and hepatorenal)
contraction; vasoconstriction
42
alpha 1 stimulation- __ force of heart contraction, slight
increases
43
alpha 1 stimulation- __ pupils (contraction of __)
diluted the radial eye muscles
44
alpha 1 stimulation- broncho___
constriction
45
alpha 1 stimulation- __ prostate, uterine smooth muscles
contracts
46
alpha 1 stimulation- __ of sphincters of GI/GU tracts, secretion from salivary and sweat glands
contraction
47
alpha 1 stimulation- __ insulin secretion and lipolysis
inhibits
48
activation of alpha 1 receptors
increases intracellular calcium ion concentration, which leads to contraction of smooth muscles
49
alpha 2 stimulation- __synaptic
pre and post
50
alpha 2 stimulation- __ of norepinephrine release (negative feedback loop)- presynaptic
inhibition
51
effects of postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors in the CNS
hyper polarization- 1. sedation 2. decreased MAC 3. decreased sympathetic outflow causing vasodilation and decreased BP
52
alpha 2 stimulation- __ of some vascular smooth muscles
contraction
53
alpha 2 stimulation- __ aggregation
platelet
54
alpha 2 stimulation- __ insulin release
decrease
55
alpha 2 stimulation act via
G protein subgroup Gi, inhibiting adenylate cyclase, reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium levels
56
the net effect of alpha 2 stimulation
down regulation of the SNS response
57
beta 1 stimulation- __synaptic
post, located in the heart
58
beta 1 stimulation- effects
1. inotropic 2. chronotropic 3. dromotropic
59
inotropic
increased force of contraction
60
chronotropic
increased heart rate
61
dromotropic
increased conduction
62
beta receptors are __ linked, with __
G protein linked (protein Gs) adenylate cyclase activity is increased, leading to increased intracellular cAMP
63
beta 1 stimulation initiates
cascading protein phosphorylation and reactions and stimulates sodium-potassium pump
64
beta 2 stimulation- __synaptic, located in __
post smooth muscle and gland cell
65
beta 2 stimulation- __ of the respiratory, uterine, and vascular smooth muscles
relaxation (bronchodilation, vasodilation, relaxation of the uterus, GU/GI)
66
beta 2 stimulation- __ of skeletal muscle vasculature
vasodilation
67
beta 2 stimulation- __ of ciliary muscle of eye- far vision
relaxation
68
beta 2 stimulation- __ insulin release
increase; glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis
69
beta 2 stimulation- __ messenger, __ is increased by intracellular response is __
2nd cAMP (similar to B1) tissue specific (may cause different effects in different cell types)
70
dopamine1- ___synaptic
post
71
dopamine1 causes
vasodilation of renal, mesenteric, coronary, and cerebral blood vessels
72
dopamine2- __synaptic
pre
73
dopamine2 inhibits
release of norepinephrine and N/V
74
cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
75
nicotinic
all receptors within a ANS ganglion (also receptors at NMJ)
76
M1
autonomic ganglia and the CNS
77
M2
principally in the heart and salivary glands
78
M3
bronchial tree
79
adrenal medulla is innervated by
preganglionic fibers that come directly from the spinal cord (bypassing the paravertebral ganglia)
80
adrenal medulla- SNS stimulation causes
release of epinephrine (80%) and NE (20%) which act as hormones instead of NTs
81
the effects of adrenal medulla are
prolonged and possible stimulation of parts not innervated by the SNS

NUNA 681(pharm) (12 decks)

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