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FM1020 Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood per minute by each ventricle

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2
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume multiplied by heartbeat

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3
Q

How are heart rate and stroke volume regulated?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Are autonomic nerves voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary, subconscious

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5
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system effect the blood vessels?

A

Tone of vascular smooth muscle

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6
Q

What does a reflex limb contain?

A

Afferent limb
A central component located in the spinal cord, brain stem, hypothalamus
Effector pathway

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7
Q

Where does sensory input come from in the case of the ANS?

A

Visceral organs

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Where is the cardiac control centre in the brain?

A

The pons

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10
Q

What are the names given to the two efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron

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11
Q

Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neurons?

A

CNS

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12
Q

Where is the cell body of the postganglionic neurons?

A

Autonomic ganglion

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13
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate?

A

T1 to L2 segments of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division synapse?

A

Paravertebral ganglia
Prevertebral/collateral ganglia
Within adrenal medulla

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15
Q

Where do the paravertebral ganglia lie?

A

Either side of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Where do the prevertebral ganglia generally lie?

A

Abdominal cavity

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17
Q

What do the paravertebral ganglia form?

A

Sympathetic chain of ganglia

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18
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division originate?

A

Brain and sacral level of the spinal column

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19
Q

Where are the terminal ganglia located?

A

Close to or within target organs

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20
Q

Which nerve originates from the sacral region of the spinal column?

A

Splanchnic nerve

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21
Q

What feature do postganglionic nerve fibres have?

A

Varicosities

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22
Q

What is synthesised and released from varicosities?

A

Neurtransmittors

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23
Q

What name is given to the sites of varicosities?

A

Neuroeffector junctions

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24
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic system releases?

A

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine

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25
What response is evoked from norepinephrine being received by organs?
Adrenergic response (after the receptors)
26
What are noradrenaline and adrenaline?
Catecholamines
27
What neurotransmitter may certain sympathetic nerves release?
Acetylcholine
28
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system release?
Acetylcholine
29
What is the name of the response when ACh binds to the organ?
Cholinergic response
30
Are receptor proteins specific or non-specific for neurotransmitters?
Specific
31
What does the activation of the receptors initiate?
Intracellular signalling cascade
32
What are the two main signalling cascades in the ANS?
Adenylyl cyclase - cAMP pathway Phosphoinositide pathway
33
What is an agonist?
Activator of a receptor
34
What is the function of adenylyl cyclase do?
Convert ATP to cAMP
35
What can cAMP do?
Activate a kinase
36
What does the kinase do?
Phosphorylate cells initiating a cell response
37
What is the function of phospholipase C?
Acts on lipids on surrounding lipid bilayer breaking it down into inositol trisphosphate and diacylglyerol
38
What is the function of inositol trisphosphate?
Opens calcium channels in intracellular calcium stores affecting the response in the cell
39
What is the function of diacylglycerol?
Activates kinases
40
What receptors do noradrenaline bind to?
Adrenergic recptors
41
What are the 5 subtypes of adrenergic repsonses?
Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3
42
What do alpha adrenoceptors do?
Activate the phosphoinositide pathway and inhibit the cAMP cascade
43
What do beta adrenoceptors do?
Activate the cAMP cascade
44
What does acetylcholine bind to?
Cholinergic receptors - nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
45
Where are nicotinic receptors located in the ANS?
Synapses between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
46
Where are muscarinic receptors present in the ANS?
Binding site from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
47
What are the five subtypes of muscarinic receptors?
M1-M5
48
What does atropine do?
Inhibit muscarinic receptors
49
What does the sympathetic effect do to the heart rate?
Increases it
50
What does the sympathetic effect do to the conduction of the heart?
Increased rate
51
What does the sympathetic effect do to the strength of the heart?
Increase it
52
What does the sympathetic effect do to the blood vessels?
Mostly constriction; affects all organs
53
What does the sympathetic effect do to the bronchioles?
Dilation
54
What does the sympathetic effect do to the mucous glands?
Inhibition of secretion
55
What does the parasympathetic effect do to the heart rate?
Decrease it
56
What does the parasympathetic effect do to the heart's conduction?
Decreased rate
57
What does the parasympathetic effect do to the strength of the heart?
N/A
58
What does the parasympathetic effect do to the blood vessels?
Dilation in a few organs
59
What does the parasympathetic effect do to the bronchioles
Constriciton
60
What does the parasympathetic effect do to the mucous glands?
Stimulation of secretion
61
What name is given to the innermost area of the adrenal gland?
Adrenal medulla
62
What is the adrenal medulla?
Ganglion of sympathetic nervous system
63
What name is given to the postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells
64
Why is this name given to the postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?
They stain brown with chromic acid
65
What will chromaffin cells do in response to activation by preganglionic cells?
increases synthesis and release of catecholamines
66
What is the only difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline?
Methyl group in adrenaline
67
What percentage released into circulation is adrenaline?
80%
68
What do noradrenaline and adrenaline act as?
hormones
69
What do noradrenaline and adrenaline act as?
hormones
70
What may cause a response in the sympathetic pathway?
Hypovolemia Trauma Pain Hypoglycaemia Hypothermia Anxiety
71
What are the cardiovascular effects of adrenaline?
Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Raised blood pressure Vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels Vasoconstriction of gastrointestinal, renal and splenic beds
72
What receptors does adrenaline have a high affinity for?
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
73
What do Beta 2 adrenergic receptors do?
Trigger smooth muscle relaxation
74
What adrenergic receptors are found on GI, renal and splenic beds?
Alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors
75
What do the alpha-adrenergic receptors do?
Trigger smooth muscle contraction

FM1020 Physiology (12 decks)

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