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Foundation in Scientific Basis of Therapeutic > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Devision of the nervous system

A
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2
Q

Structure of neuron

A
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3
Q

ganglion

A

collection of cell body bundled together

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4
Q

Describe:

Efferent

A

-from brain to effector

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5
Q

Describe:

Afferent

A

-from effector to brain

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6
Q

Innervates definition

A
  • supply an organ with nerves
  • To stimulate a nerve (or other part of the body) into action
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7
Q

Overview:

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • conveys information from the CNS to the rest of the body (except the skeletal muscles–> somatic afferent system)
  • innervates internal (visceral) organs- basic processes needed for normal bodily functions
  • not under voluntary control
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8
Q

What does ANS regulates?

A

ANS regulates:

  • contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
  • all exocrine glands eg. sweat gland
  • some endocrine glands eg, pancreas, adrenal gland
  • heartbeat
  • certain intermediary metabolism
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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System neuron structure

A

2 neuron system, serially connected -preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron connected by autonomic ganglion (synaptic cleft)

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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System division

A
  • sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)
  • enteric nervous system (gut)–>sometimes considered part of the autonomic nervous system and sometimes considered an independent system.
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11
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • rest & digest response
  • branches off the cranial and sacral section of spinal cord
  • both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons releases acetylcholine (Ach) as neurotransmitter
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12
Q

structure of parasympathetic neuron

A
  • Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic branch are longer than those of the sympathetic branch.
  • The ganglia of the parasympathetic system are generally situated close to, or within the tissue to be affected.
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13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • flight or fight response
  • branches off thoracic and lumbar section of spinal cord.
  • preganglionic neurons releases acetylcholine (Ach) as neurotransmitter
  • postganglinic neurons releases noradrenaline (NA) as neurotransmitter, -except postganglionic neurons of sweat gland –> Ach
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14
Q

structure of sympathetic neuron

A
  • Sympathetic ganglia are usually situated near the central nervous system.
  • The postganglionic fibers then extend a longer distance to the intended organ.
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15
Q

Other exception in sympathetic nervous system: Adrenal gland system

A
  • branch off sympathetic nervous system
  • preganglionic neurons do not synapse in the paraverterbral sympathetic ganglion (no postganglionic neurons
  • Preganglionic neurons synapse directly on the adrenal gland in the adrenal medulla, release acetylcholine
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16
Q

How do drugs influence ANS?

A

Direct acting:

  • parasympathomimetic
  • sympathomimetic
  • parasympatholytic
  • sympatholytic
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17
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A
  • drugs that mimics Ach (agonist)
  • therfore, it’s cholingenic
  • acts primarily on muscarinic receptor (M)
  • limited clinical use
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18
Q

Sympathomimetic

A
  • drugs that mimics NA & A (agonist)
  • therefore, it’s adrenergic
  • acts on adrenergic receptors alpha & beta receptor
19
Q

Parasympatholytic

A

-drugs that inhibits/antagonise the action of Ach (antagonist)

20
Q

Sympatholytic

A

-drugs that inhibits/antagonise the action of NA & A (antagonist)

21
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic branches

A
22
Q

comparison of motor route of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

A
23
Q

Anatomy of the spinal cord and the relex arc

A
  • The spinal cord consists of highly organized regions of gray matter and white matter.
  • Gray matter contains the cell bodies of a variety of association and motor neurons -
  • the white matter consists of tracts of myelinated nerve fibers.
24
Q

Travelling of nerve impulse/action potential

A
  • Incomming sensory fibers connect through the dorsal roots of spinal nerves.
  • Outgoing motor fibers leave through the ventral roots of spinal nerves.
25
Q

Preganglionic aka.

A

Presynaptic

26
Q

Postganglionic aka.

A

Postsynaptic

27
Q

Ganglion aka.

A

synaptic cleft

28
Q

What happens when Na+enters cell?

A
  • It causes the membrane to depolarize slightly (becomes more positive)
  • Raising the membrane potential from -70mV closer to the action potential threshold
29
Q

What happens when Cl- enters cell?

A
  • makes the membrane potential slightly more negative than -70mV, known as hyperpolarization.
  • the membrane potential is now even further away from the threshold potential, making it harderr for an action potential to be initiated
30
Q

Neurotransmitter removal

A

-After neurotransmitter have been released during synaptic transmission, there must be a fast mechanism in place to remove the neurotransmitter ready for the next signal.

31
Q

What happen to acetycholine in synapse

A
  • acetycholine is enzymically degraded by acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline
  • therse products may be uptakes into the presynaptic nerve terminal and resynthesized into new acetylcholine for reuse.
32
Q

Ways of halting neurotransmitter action

A
  • Fast enzymic degradation
  • Uptake into presynaptic cells or neighbouring cells
  • Diffusion out of the synapse before further uptake or enzymatic degradation
33
Q

Why do we need to remove neurotransmitter from the synapse after an action potential is generated

A
  • Neurotransmitter must act to transmit each action potential separately.
  • The delay between action potentials may be very short in rapidly firing nerves, ie motor neurons
  • The neurotransmitter must be removed quickly before the next action potential reached the nerve terminal

If not, depolarizing block may occur.

34
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • formed in presynaptic terminal by choline O-acetyltransferase
  • this enzyme removes an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A and links it to choline
  • released via exocytosis in response to an increased in Ca2+concentration
35
Q

Formation of Acetycholine diagram

A

The neuron is presynaptic

At postsynaptic cell,

  • if it’s a nerve cell, can cause action potential
  • if it’s a muscle cell, can cause a response
36
Q

Terminatin of ACh action

A
  • unused ACh rapidly remoced
  • results in BRIEF and LOCALISED action of neurotransmitter
37
Q

Two ways of ACh removal in the synapse

A
  • acetycholine is enzymically degraded by acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline
  • therse products may be uptakes (via ion gated membrane channel) into the presynaptic nerve terminal and resynthesized into new acetylcholine for reuse.
38
Q

Noradrenaline (NA)

A
  • synthesised at the postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings
  • in adrenal medulla, NA & A is secreted as hormone
39
Q

Termination of NA/A action

A
  • Enzymatic degradation free NA/A–>slow
  • -Monoamine oxidase (MAO)*-associated with mitochondria
  • Catechol-o-methyl transferase(COMT)-present in cardiac and smooth muscle
  • Reuptake by surrounding cells
  • uptake 1-high affinity/low rate
  • uptake 2-low affinigy/high rate
40
Q

Autonomic Receptors

A
41
Q

Types of neuron system

A
42
Q

Cholingernic receptors and its endogenous agonist

A
43
Q

Adrenergic receptors and its engodenous agonist

A

Foundation in Scientific Basis of Therapeutic (7 decks)

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