Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

Question

1) Describe mechanism of neuropeptides 2) What are opioids involved in with GI? 3) Consequences of regulation? 4) What's involved in peristalsis? 5) What is Loperamide?

Answer 1

1) bind to own receptors --\> stimulates Ca+2 release/influx and K+ efflux --\> Ca-CaM --\> MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) --\> myosin phosphorylation 2) increases segmentation --\> circular smooth muscle 3) if no regulation --\> loss of nutrition (seg causes ingesta to slow down - nutrient loading in proximal GI) 4) longitudinal smooth muscle contraction --\> movement of ingesta uninhibited (distal GI) 5) anti-diuretic; inhibits fluid secretion, promotes absorption, stimulates segmentation

Answer 2

1) gasal, cephalic, gastric and intestinal 2) that which occurs in the absence of a cephalic, gastric and intestinal stimulation (hasn't tasted/eaten) 3) that mediated by sight, smell, taste and swallowing (chewed and swallowed) 4) that mediated by gastric distention and protein 5) that mediated by duodenal secretions (stomach --\> intestine) 6) humans --\> higher % in intestinal phase than other species

Answer 3

1) rugae folds 2) parietal cells 3) histamine, ACh and gastrin

Answer 4

1) in a predictable way --\> default set or rxns directed toward flight or fight endpt 2) activation of neurons in hypothalamus and brain stem 3) increased input to sympathetic preganglionic neurons --\> regulating cardiac and adrenal medullary fns 4) release of corticotropin-releasing factor CRF --\> incnrease release of adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH --\> production orf corticosteroids and ANS-induced release of catecholamines hypothalamus(-) --\> CRF --\> ant pit(-) --\> ACTH --\> adrenal cortex --\> cortisol 5) beneficial (modulation of E, met, hemodynamics, immune and inflammatory response) and deleterious (stress ulcer and systemic hypertension) 6) neural components operate in short term (sec to min) ; hormonal components operate long term ( hrs to days)

Answer 5

1) homeostasis in animals 2) circulatory and digestive activity 3) fight or flight 4) rest and digest 5) in early vertebrate phyla and developed to its greatest extent in mammals

Answer 6

increased inhibition of peristalsis, secretion, digestion and absorption increased blood glucose and lipolysis dilation of blood vessels to skeletal and cardiac muscle; constriction of blood vessels to smooth m(GI) increased auditory acuity inhibition of erection disinhibition of spinal reflexes

Answer 7

release of epi from adrenal medulla and norepi from sympathetic nerve endings --\> B-adrenergic receptors --\> increases in L-type Ca+2 currents in cardiac and skeletal muscle --\> increases force of contraction of skeletal muscle and the beating rate and contractilityy of heart activation of PKA-mediated phosphorylation of multiple targets in cardiac muscle including cardiac ryanodine receptor/ca release channel required for muscle contraction

Answer 8

1) a behavioral, physiological and molecular adaptation exhibited by diverse mammalian species to withstand protracted periods or seasons of insufficient or unpredictable food availability 2) the period in hibernation that is characterized by suppressed minimal body temp and MR 3) b/c hibernation refers to a process that encompasses several months of prolonged torpor, interrupted by and including arousal episodes 4) species that enter daily torpor exclusively, appear to rely mostly on fall of body temp for MR reduction 5) hibernators (species capable of prolonged torpor bouts) rely extenesively on metabolic inhibition, in addition to body temp effects, to reduce MR to a fraction of that observed in daily heterotherms 6) process by which an animals body temp with ambient temp

Answer 9

1) differential expression of genes common to all mammals, rather than induction of novel gene products unique to hibernating state 2) extended bouts of torpor during which minimal body temp can fall as low as -2.9C and metabolism can be reduced to 1% of euthermic rates 3) exploit low temp to lower rxn rates but retaint he ability to resume full activity upon re-warming 4) continue at physiologically relevant levels during torpor and be precisely regulated even at body temp values near 0C

Answer 10

1) DNA txn, RNA tln, mitosis and cell proliferation, membrane comp and fn, mito resp, dig fn, renal fn and immune fn 2) CNS fn, CV fn, ventilation and met (adipose tissue) 3) limited oxygen stores and large hydrostatic pressures 4) increased muscle myoglobin, greater tissue O2 stores, ability to rely on anaerobic met, lung collapse at shallow depths, regional hypothermia, animal buoyancy

Answer 11

1) generalized autonomic neuropathy originally reported in cats in UK, now in dogs and cats throughout Western Europe and US 2) reflect a generalized autonomic dysfn --\> megaesophagus, esophageal hypomotility, gastric and small bowel distension and hypomotility (delayed gastric emptying), and urinary bladder distension \*\*\*acid erosion of esophagus --\> dec appetite --\> anorexia --\> dec bcs 3) aspiration pneumonia and megacolon 4) degenerative lesions are found in autonomic ganglia, intermediate gray columns of spinal cord and some sympathetic axons \*\*\*no definitive etiology established

Answer 12

1) vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, wt loss, dysuria and inspiratory dyspnea 2) dilated pupils, esophageal dysfn, dry nose, reduced lacrimal secretions, prolapse of 3rd eyelid, regurgitation and constipation 3) based on hisorical and PE findings 4) esophageal dilation and hypomotility on survey ro barium contrast xrays; delayed gastric emptying on barium contrast xrays; reduced tear production (schirmer tear tests); atropine-insensitive bradycardia; bladder and colonic distension on survey xrays 5) colonic or intestinal obstruction, other causes of megaesophagus and lower UT disease 6) supportive care (artificial tears, elevated feedings, expressing urinary bladder, antibiotics) is still basis of therapy; some dogs and cats show mild improvement with parasympathetic drugs; gastrostomy tube feedings or total parenteral nutrition may sustain some animals until they regain neuro fn 7) guarded to poor for long-term survival; 20-40% in affected cats likely to recover (2-12 mths); lower in dogs; complete recovery is ucommon - many left with residual impairment

Answer 13

1) catecholamine-secreting tumors of neuroectoderm-derived chromaffin cells 2) amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell tumors or APUDomas --\> potential to secrete a variety of polypeptide hormones 3) from adrenal medulla but can occur at extra-adrnal sites 4) can be benign or malignant and may be functionally active or inactive 5) paraneoplastic syndrome associated with excess epi and norepi secretion 6) episodic weakness, resltessness, tachycardia, hypertension and collapse

Answer 14

1) unusual tumor type in dogs requiring a high degree of clinical suspicion to obtain a diagnosis 2) most are nonspecific 3) abdominal imaging techniques and perhaps special biochemical or provocative tests 4) to determien tumor behavior, appropriate therapy and prognosis 5) inactive adn remain clinically undiagnosed 6) tumor-related in 50% of dogs --\> this disease is a clinical problem that will often require therapy

Answer 15

1) ptosis (drooping of eyelid), miosis (narrowing of pupil), enophthalmos, prolapsed nictitans (nictitating membrane) 2) disruption of sympathetic innervation to eye and peri-ocular facial muscles 3) idiopathic, trauma, tumor, inflammation, immune-mediated 4) supportive care, spontaneous recovery (those that don't recover --\> other underlying condition)

Answer 16

1) primary hypertension is most common form 2) secondary causes most common form 3) renal and endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism) 4) heart, kidney, eyes, CNS 5) episodic weakness, acute blindness (detached retina), arrhythmias

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

(40 cards)