Autonomic nervous system

Question 1

Autonomic control is voluntary control or involuntary control

Answer 1

Involuntary

Question 2

What parts of the body does autonomic system control (4)

Answer 2

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurons

Question 3

Sympathetic outflow

Answer 3

Thoracolumbar T1-L2

Question 4

Ganglia are close to where in sympathetic nerves (2)

Answer 4

Close to spinal cord (paravertebral ganglia) or in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

Question 5

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptor

Answer 5

ACh onto nicotinic receptor

Question 6

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptor

Answer 6

Noradrenaline or adrenaline onto alpha or beta receptors (adrenergic receptors)

Question 7

Noradrenaline or adrenaline are released into where from the adrenal medulla

Answer 7

Blood because there’s no post-ganglionic axon

Question 8

Parasympathetic outflow

Answer 8

Crania-sacral CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-S4

Question 9

ACh acts on what type of receptors + name the subcategories of this type of receptor (2)

Answer 9

Cholinergic:
Nicotinic (ionotropic)
Muscarinic (metabotropic)

Question 10

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptor

Answer 10

ACh on nicotinic receptor

Question 11

Noradrenaline/adrenaline acts on what type of receptor + name the subcategories of this type of receptor

Answer 11

Adrenergic:
Alpha (metabotropic)
Beta (metabotropic)

Question 12

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter on what type of receptor

Answer 12

Noradrenaline or adrenaline onto adrenergic alpha or beta receptors

Question 13

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter on what type of receptor

Answer 13

ACh onto muscarinic receptors (cholinergic receptors)

Question 14

Sympathetic and parasympathetic system produces what kind of effect

Answer 14

Sympathetic - co-ordinated

Parasympathetic - independent

Question 15

Effect of sympathetic system on the eye (2)

-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the eye

Answer 15

Noradrenaline activates b2 receptors on ciliary muscle round lens
–> ciliary muscle relaxes & eye focuses far away

Noradrenaline activates a1 receptors on radial muscle of iris (dilator pupillae) –> radial muscle contracts & makes pupil larger

Question 16

Effect of parasympathetic system on the eye (2)

-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the eye

Answer 16

ACh activates muscarinic receptors on ciliary muscle –> ciliary muscle contracts & eye focuses close up

ACh activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter muscle –> contracts sphincter muscle & makes pupil smaller

Question 17

Effect of sympathetic system on the heart (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the heart

Answer 17

NA activates b1 receptors on pacemaker cells –> Increases heart rate

NA activates (mainly) b1 receptors on myocytes –> Increases strength of contraction

Question 18

Effect of parasympathetic system on the heart (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the heart

Answer 18

ACh activates muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells –> decreases heart rate

ACh has little effect on myocytes –> Little effect on strength of contraction

Question 19

Effect of sympathetic system on the lungs (1)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the lungs

Answer 19

NA activates b2 receptors on smooth muscle of airways –> makes smooth muscle relax & dilates airways

Question 20

Effect of parasympathetic system on the lungs (1)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the lungs

Answer 20

ACh activates muscarinic receptors –> makes smooth muscle contract & constricts airways

Question 21

What would a b2 agonist do to the lungs and heart

Answer 21

Dilate airways

No effect on heart

Question 22

What effect would a b1 antagonist have on the heart

Answer 22

Decrease heart rate

Question 23

Effect of sympathetic system on blood vessels (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the blood vessels

Answer 23

NA activates a1 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels –> makes smooth muscle contract & blood flow decreases

NA activates b2 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels–> makes smooth muscle relax & blood flow increases

Question 24

Effect of parasympathetic system on blood vessels
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the blood vessels

Answer 24

No effect

Question 25

Effect of sympathetic system on the gut (2) | -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the gut

Answer 25

NA activates a/b receptors on smooth muscle of gut --> decreases gut motility NA activates alpha receptors in pancreas --> inhibits secretion of enzymes

Question 26

Effect of parasympathetic system on the gut (2) | -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the gut

Answer 26

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of gut --> increases gut motility ACh Activates muscarinic receptors in pancreas --> Increases secretion

Question 27

Effect of sympathetic system on energy stores (2) -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the energy stores

Answer 27

NA Activates a/b receptors on liver cells (hepatocytes) --> stimulates glycogenolyis & gluconeogenesis NA Activates a/b receptors on fat cells (lipocytes) --> increases lipolysis

Question 28

Effect of parasympathetic system on energy stores -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the energy stores

Answer 28

No effect

Question 29

Effect of sympathetic system on salivary glands (1) -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the salivary glands

Answer 29

NA Activates b receptors | --> Stimulates thick secretion rich in enzymes

Question 30

Effect of parasympathetic system on salivary glands (1) -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the salivary glands

Answer 30

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors | -->Stimulates profuse watery secretion

Question 31

Effect of sympathetic system on the bladder (2) -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the bladder

Answer 31

NA Activates b2 receps on smooth muscle of bladder wall --> Relaxes smooth muscle and reduces pressure NA Activates a1 receptors on smooth muscle of sphincter --> Contracts smooth muscle and stops urination

Question 32

Effect of parasympathetic system on the bladder (2) -describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the bladder

Answer 32

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors on bladder wall --> Contracts smooth muscle and increases pressure ACh Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter --> Relaxes smooth muscle and causes urination

Question 33

What organs receive dual innervation (i.e. both sympathetic and parasympathetic) and have antagonistic actions

Answer 33

Eye Heart Gut tube Bladder

Question 34

Describe the pre-ganglionic and postganglionic fibres of sympathetic nerves

Answer 34

Short preganglionic | Long postgagnlionic

Question 35

Cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic fibres are (4)

Answer 35

III VII IX X

Question 36

Synapses between post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres and their targets are (2)

Answer 36

Cholinergic and muscarinic

Question 37

Features of post-Ganglionic fibres in the adrenal medulla(4)

Answer 37

Release NA/adrenaline Have no post-ganglionic axons Part of sympathetic system Contribute to mass activation

Question 38

In fight or flight, you want the eyes to... (2)

Answer 38

Dilate pupils | Focus far away

Question 39

Eye drops to dilate pupils may contain what (2)

Answer 39

a1 agonist | muscarinic antagonist

Question 40

Parasympathetic activation of the heart does not decrease what

Answer 40

Stroke volume

Question 41

Some blood vessels vasodilate when activated by sympathetic nerves because they express what receptors

Answer 41

b2