Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What does the activation of B1 adrenoreceptors lead to?

Answer 1

An increase in cAMP

Question 2

What are beta adrenal receptors more sensitive to?

Answer 2

Adrenaline

Question 3

What are alpha 1 adrenal receptors coupled to?

Answer 3

Phospholipase C

= increase in calcium

Question 4

What are the B-adrenoreceptors coupled to?

Answer 4

Adenylate cyclise

Increase in phospolipase C

Question 5

what neurotransmitter is released in every ganglia? (pre-ganglionic)

Answer 5

acetylcholine

Question 6

what is the length of the pre-ganglionic fibre in the PNS?

Answer 6

long pre-ganglionic fibre

Question 7

what is the length of the pre-ganglionic fibre in the SNS?

Answer 7

short pre-ganglionic fibre

Question 8

what are examples of single input tissues, in the SNS?

Answer 8

blood vessels

sweat glands

Question 9

what are example of single input tissues in the PNS?

Answer 9

bronchial smooth muscle

ciliary muscle of the eye

Question 10

How are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors activated?

Answer 10

by the binding of 2 molecules of acetylcholine which causes an ion pathway to open

Question 11

what does the activation of M3 receptors cause?

Answer 11

causes the contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle.

Question 12

what is the cause of M3 receptor activation?

Answer 12

M3 receptors are coupled to phospholipase C.
There is increased activation of phospholipase C
= increased calcium release

Question 13

what receptor type are secretions controlled by?

Answer 13

Muscarinic receptors

Question 14

what receptors do acetylcholine bind to?

Answer 14

nicotinic receptors

Question 15

where are parasympathetic nerves found?

Answer 15

salivary glands
GI tract
Heart

Question 16

where are sympathetic nerves found?

Answer 16

arteries
sweat glands
adrenal glands
heart

Question 17

what is the outflow of the sympathetic system?

Answer 17

thoraco-lumbar

Question 18

what is the outflow of the parasympathetic system?

Answer 18

cranio-saccral

Question 19

what is the cranial nerve X also referred to?

Answer 19

Vagus

this goes to the heart, kidneys, GI tract and colon

Question 20

what does the vagal nerve do to the cardiovascular system?

Answer 20

it slows the heart rate

Question 21

what are some of the physiological responses that the PNS produces?

Answer 21

pupil constriction
slows heart rate
stimulates urination
stimulates saliva and tear production

Question 22

what are some of the physiological responses that the SNS produces?

Answer 22

vascular smooth muscle contraction
increases cardiac rate and force
airway relaxation and vascular dilatation

Question 23

what post-ganglionic chemical is released from the PNS?

Answer 23

acetylcholine

Question 24

what post-ganglionic chemical is released from the SNS?

Answer 24

noradrenaline

Question 25

In the SNS, what are the types of receptors?

Answer 25

Adrenoreceptors Alpha 1,2 Beta 1,2,3

Question 26

In the PNS, what are the types of receptors?

Answer 26

Muscarininc receptors | M1-5

Question 27

what do adrenoreceptors release?

Answer 27

noradrenaline

Question 28

what do muscarinic receptors release

Answer 28

acetylcholine

Question 29

what does alpha 1 receptor cause? (sympathetic effect)

Answer 29

contraction of vascular smooth muscle

Question 30

what does alpha 2 receptor cause? (sympathetic effect)

Answer 30

inhibition of transmitter release

Question 31

what does Beta 1 receptors cause? (sympathetic effect)

Answer 31

main cardiac effects

Question 32

what does beta 2 receptors cause? (sympathetic effect)

Answer 32

relaxation of airways/vascular dilatation

Question 33

what is the cause of contraction of arterial smooth muscle?

Answer 33

adrenaline/noradrenaline interacts with alpha 1 adrenoreceptors = increase in phospholipase C

Question 34

what is the cause of the inhibition of sympathetic nerve transmission?

Answer 34

decreased adenylate cyclase = reduced release and influx of calcium

Question 35

which muscarinic receptors have phospholipase C as their enzyme?

Answer 35

M1, M3 and M5 | the odds

Question 36

which muscarinic receptors have adenylate cyclase as their enzyme?

Answer 36

M2 and M4

Question 37

what are the cardiac effects due to M2 muscarinic receptor activation?

Answer 37

decreased cardiac activity due to a decrease in cAMP

Question 38

which receptor contracts non-vascular smooth muscle?

Answer 38

M3

Question 39

which receptor contracts vascular smooth muscle

Answer 39

alpha 1

Question 40

what is the effect of M3 receptors on secretory cells?

Answer 40

increases secretions

Question 41

Botulinum toxin paralyses muscles. What mechanism underlies this effect?

Answer 41

It degrades vesicle release proteins Fusion of the vesicle storing acetylcholine with the cell membrane is mediated by vesicular release or SNARE proteins that couple in a calcium-dependent manner. These SNARE proteins are degraded by Botulinum Toxin (BoTox) as well as beta-Bungarotoxin.