Autonomic Nervous system/Neuroendocrine system

Question 1

primary efferent neurons/ lower motor neurons of ANS reside…

Answer 1

entirely outside CNS

Question 2

contacts between autonomic neurons and their visceral targets are…

Answer 2

much less complex than neuromuscular junctions

diffues hundreds of microns and affect large area

Question 3

CNS control of ANS comes from

Answer 3

HYPOTHALAMUS

and

RETICULAR FORMATION

Question 4

location of cell bodies of PREGANGLIONIC SNS neurons

Answer 4

intermediolateral cell column (lateral horn)

T1 to L2/3

Question 5

Rami in and out of sympathetic chain ganglion

Answer 5

white comm. ramus: mylenated pregang. axons

gray comm. ramus: unmyelinated postgang. axons

Question 6

sympathetic neurons contribute to…

Answer 6

almost all peripheral nerves.

Question 7

How is the adrenal gland considered modified sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 7

secrete catecholamines directly into bloodstream

no PNS control

Question 8

which of the ANS neurons are cholinergic/noradrenergic?

Answer 8

cholinergic:

PNS PREgang

PNS POSTgang

SNS PREgang

Noradrenergic:

SNS POSTgang

Question 9

Targets of superior cervical ganglion (SNS)

Answer 9

HEAD STUFF

pineal gland

eye

pulp vasculature

Question 10

how many alpha1 adrenergic receptor genes?

how many alpha2 adrenergic receptor genes?

Answer 10

3

3

Question 11

function of alpha1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 11

contraction of smooth muscle:

blood pressure, baroreflex, temperature

Question 12

alpha1 adrenergic receptors AGONISTS treat?

and give example?

Answer 12

hypotension

phenylephrine

Question 13

alpha1 adrenergic receptors ANTAGONIST treat?

Answer 13

hypertension

Question 14

alpha2 adrenergic receptors agonist?

alpha2 adrenergic receptors antagonist?

Answer 14

unclear

Question 15

alpha2A adrenergic receptors appear to be important for…

Answer 15

agonist mediated lowering of blood pressure

sedation

Question 16

alpha2B adrenergic receptors involved in…

Answer 16

hypertensive effects (opposite of alpha2A)

Question 17

imidazole compounds…

Answer 17

lower BP

partial agonist of alpha2A adrenergic receptors (BP only, no sedation)

Question 18

Beta1 adrenergic receptor

Answer 18

acts in heart to increase heart rate and BP

Question 19

Beta2 adrenergic receptor

Answer 19

acts in lungs to induce bronchodilation and vasodilation

increase BP

Question 20

Beta3 adrenergic receptor

Answer 20

adipocytes for lipolysis

relaxation of uterus and bladder

Question 21

beta blockers

Answer 21

treat hypertension and heart failure

antagonist of B1 AR

metoprolol, atenolol, propanolol

Question 22

beta2 adrenergic receptor Agonists

Answer 22

albuterol

treat bronchoconstriction (dilates) due to asthma

Question 23

CN with PNS components

Answer 23

3 (occulomotor)

7 (facial)

9 (glossopha)

10 (vagus)

Question 24

Targets that are SNS only

Answer 24

sweat glands

adrenal medulla

Question 25

sacral preganglionic parasympathetic neurons reside in...

Answer 25

intermediate gray zone

Question 26

enteric nervous system components

Answer 26

function independently (can be modulated by PNS and SNS) Myenteric/auerbachs plexus = muscle/peristalsis submucus/meissner's plexus = glandular secretion and chem. monitoring

Question 27

caudal div. of nucleus solitarius tract for...?

Answer 27

visceral sensory information (less sensitive than mechanosensory information because there are 10x more of them compared to visceral sensory neurons)

Question 28

the only visceral information sento to higher orders that enters consciousness?

Answer 28

pain

Question 29

information received by hypothalamus?

Answer 29

descending info from higher order (cortex, etc) ascending ingo from viscera/somatosensory chemosensory info

Question 30

main functions of hypothalamus (what does it regulate/control/coordinate?)

Answer 30

blood flow/volume energy metabolism temperature reproductive functions stress response

Question 31

parts of Anterior Hypothalamus

Answer 31

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 32

function of Ant. Hypothalamus

Answer 32

deviations from set point BP and blood comp. cycles of activity temp repro hormone levels

Question 33

suprachiasmatic nucleus is...

Answer 33

circadian pacemaker

Question 34

middle hypothalamus parts

Answer 34

dorsomedial and ventromedial nucleus paraventricular nucleus arcuate and periventricular nucleus supraoptic nucleus

Question 35

dorsomedial and ventromedial nucleus function

Answer 35

projections within hypothalamus to regulate complex integrative functions

Question 36

paraventricular nucleus contains...

Answer 36

both magnocellular and parvocelullar components that control post. and ant. pituitary glands

Question 37

arcuate and periventricular nucleus contains...

Answer 37

parvocellular NEUROENDOCRINE neurons

Question 38

Supraoptic nucleus contains...

Answer 38

magnocelullar neuroendocrine cells

Question 39

posterior hypothalamus parts (and their functions)

Answer 39

mammilary body (unknown) posterior hypothalamic region (unknown) tuberomamillary nucleus (histaminergic neurons controlling arousal and wakefulness)

Question 40

Parvocellular ENDOCRINE neurons:

Answer 40

indirectly control endocrine system by secreting regulatory hormons in LOCAL PORTAL CIRCULATION which feeds into ant. pituitary

Question 41

Magnocellular endocrine neurons:

Answer 41

secrete regulatory hormons DIRECTLY into general circulation via post. pituitary vasopressin and Oxytocin

Question 42

Parvocellular autonomic neurons use

Answer 42

oxytocin and vasopressin (as neurotransmitters)

Question 43

parvocelluar endorine neurons release:

Answer 43

releasing hormones and release inhibiting hormones (only prolactin is almost completely inhibitory)

Question 44

control of feeding and weight:

Answer 44

subject to control set point for body weight feeding partially controlled by hypothalamus

Question 45

ghrelin:

Answer 45

secreted by stomach, signal for hunger

Question 46

leptin:

Answer 46

secreted by adipocytes satiety signal

Question 47

POMC:

Answer 47

secreted bby hypothalamic cells in response to ghrelin and leptin encodes POMC

Question 48

alpha-MSH:

Answer 48

neuropeptide encoded my POMC regulates satiety by binding to MCR4