Autonomic nervous system part 2

Question 1

What is the stellate ganglion

Answer 1

• Fused inferior cervical ganglion and T1 ganglion

Question 2

Path of postganglionic fibres from the cervical ganglia to supply upper limbs

Answer 2

• Exit via grey rami communicans to spinal nerves

Question 3

Path of postganglionic fibres from the cervical ganglia to supply the heart

Answer 3

• Follows path of common carotid artery

Question 4

Path of postganglionic fibres from the cervical ganglia to supply the eye and lacrimal gland

Answer 4

• Fibres go up to join the internal carotid plexus

- Same path as internal/external carotid artery to head

Question 5

Path of postganglionic fibres from the cervical ganglia to supply the submandibular and parotid glands

Answer 5

• Fibres join external carotid plexus to inhibit secretions of submandibular and parotid glands

Question 6

What is horner’s syndrome

Answer 6

• Disruption of the sympathetic supply to head
• Any part of pathway - hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons
• Pupil
• Eyelid
• Skin of face

Question 7

What is miosis

Answer 7

• Excessive constriction of the pupil

Question 8

What is ptosis

Answer 8

• Falling or drooping of the upper eyelid

Question 9

What is anhydrosis

Answer 9

• Lack of sweating

Question 10

Exit of postganglionic fibres exit from thoracic sympathetic ganglia to supply heart and lungs

Answer 10

• Grey rami communicans to spinal nerves

- Medial branches to heart and lungs (cardiac plexus)

Question 11

Path of preganglionic fibres exit via thoracic splanchnic nerves to abdomen

Answer 11

• Preganglionic fibres exit via thoracic splanchnic nerves to abdomen
• Greater, lesser and least to prevertebral ganglia

Question 12

How many lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglia are there

Answer 12

• 4

Question 13

Path of the postganglionic fibres exit from lumbar sympathetic ganglia

Answer 13

• Grey rami communicans to spinal nerves

Question 14

Path of the preganglionic fibres exit from lumbar sympathetic ganglia

Answer 14

• Lumbar splanchnic nerves to pelvis

- Synapse to prevertebral ganglia

Question 15

How many sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia are there

Answer 15

• 4

Question 16

Path of postganglionic fibres exit from sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia

Answer 16

• Postganglionic fibres exit via
  1) grey rami communicans to spinal nerves(lower limb)

2) Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs (other sympathetic splanchnic nerves mainly contain preganglionic fibres)

Question 17

Effect of parasymp system on cardiac system

Answer 17

• Decreases pacemaker activity and contractile force

Question 18

Effect of parasymp system on bronchi of lungs

Answer 18

• Bronchoconstriction

Question 19

Effect of parasymp system on sweat glands, hair follicles and blood vessels

Answer 19

• none

- Except male erectile tissue/salivary glands - vasodilation, normal vasculature does not have parasymp supply

Question 20

Effect of parasymp system on abdomino-pelvic viscera

Answer 20

• Stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions

Question 21

Effect of parasymp system on eye

Answer 21

• Constricts pupils

Question 22

Effect of parasymp system on salivary and lacrimal glands

Answer 22

• Increases secretions

Question 23

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic fibres

Answer 23

• Brainstem

- Grey matter spinal cord(part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves)

Question 24

Location of CNIII preganglionic neuronal cell bodies

Answer 24

• Edinger-westphal nucleus

- in the midbrain

Question 25

Location of CNVII preganglionic neuronal cell bodies

Answer 25

- Superior salivatory nucleus | - In the pons

Question 26

Location of CNIX preganglionic neuronal cell bodies

Answer 26

- Inferior salivatory nucleus | - In the pons

Question 27

Location of CNX preganglionic neuronal cell bodies

Answer 27

- In the nucleus ambiguous, dorsal motor nucleus | - In the medulla

Question 28

Where does CNIII synapse and how does it control sphincter pupillae

Answer 28

- Ciliary ganglion | - Sphincter pupillae(pupil) constriction

Question 29

Where does CNVII synapse and how does it control lacrimal and submandibular glands

Answer 29

- Pterygopalatine ganglion(lacrimal) - Submandibular ganglion - Causes lacrimal gland to secrete tears - Causes submandibular gland to secrete watery saliva

Question 30

Where does CNIX synapse and how does it control parotid gland

Answer 30

- Otic ganglion | - Causes parotid gland to produce watery saliva

Question 31

Where does the vagus nerve pass to

Answer 31

- Heart, lungs and abdominal viscera | - Exits via jugular foramen

Question 32

Path of preganglionic parasymp sacral fibres

Answer 32

- From sacral spinal cord - Preganglionic fibres exit via pelvic splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs - Form pelvic plexus over viscera - Preganglionic fibres synapse in walls of target organs - From s2-s4

Question 33

Effect of sacral parasymp function on bladder

Answer 33

urination - Contraction of bladder wall - Inhibition of bladder sphincter

Question 34

Effect of sacral parasymp function on rectum

Answer 34

Defecation | - Inhibition of rectal sphincter

Question 35

Effect of sacral parasymp function on sexual function

Answer 35

- Vasodilation in erectile tissues