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PCTH 325 > Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What can the peripheral nervous system be broken down into?

A
  1. Afferent (sensory)
  2. Efferent (motor)
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2
Q

What can efferent nervous system be broken down into?

A
  1. Somatic (conscious)
  2. Autonomic (unconscious)
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3
Q

What are the two branches of autonomic (ANS) and what are their functions?

A

SNS - fight or flight

PSNS - rest and digest

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4
Q

What does dominant tone mean?

A

Either SNS or PSNS dominates in certain organs

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5
Q

What receptors are used in the PSNS?

A
  1. Cholinergic
  2. Muscarinic
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6
Q

What receptors are used in the SNS?

A

Adrenergic

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7
Q

Where does PSNS originate from?

A

cranio-sacral

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8
Q

Where does SNS originate from?

A

thoraco-lumbar

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9
Q

True or false (and why):
Most drugs target ganglia

A

False. Most drugs target the post ganglionic receptors for selective effect

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10
Q

Both SNS and PNS have (blank) in their preganglionic and postganglionic fibres

A

ganglion

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11
Q

This NT is released onto the ganglia in both SNS and PSNS:

A

Ach

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12
Q

What are the receptors at the ganglia

A

Nicotinic receptors

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13
Q

How Acetylcholine stored and synthesized?

A

Synthesized from Acetyl CoA and Choline

Stored in synaptic vesicles

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14
Q

What do post-ganglionic neurons of the SNS release?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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15
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release?(include percentages)

A

20% NE and 80% Epi

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16
Q

What do postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release?

A

Ach

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17
Q

Key NT synthesized from: (and what they are called as a group)

A

From tyrosine
Called Catecholamines

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18
Q

Receptor distribution: Cholinergic

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic (5 subdivisions)
M1, M3, M5
M2, M4

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19
Q

Receptor distribution: Adrenergic

A

Alpha: a1, a2

Beta: B1, B2, B3

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20
Q

M1, M3, M5 receptors

A

PSNS: muscarinic
G-protein coupled (GQ)
Excitation - when agonist binds = increase activity

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21
Q

M2, M4 receptors

A

PSNS (muscarinic)
G-protein coupled (Gi)
Inhibitory - when bound to receptor = decrease activity

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22
Q

Effect of muscarinic receptors on:
1. Heart
2. lungs
3. sphincters (specifically which ones)
4. walls (specifically what walls)

A
  1. heart = M2, decreased rate/contraction (rest)
  2. lungs = bronchoconstriction
  3. sphincters = M3, relaxation of GI and bladder sphincters
  4. walls =M3, contraction of GI tract and bladder walls
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23
Q

PSNS effect on secretion (specific what secretion)?

A

Increased

salivary, respiratory, tears

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24
Q

Two main paths to stimulate M receptors?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
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25
What is direct stimulation of M receptor?
Using an agonist
26
What is indirect stimulation of M receptor?
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increase the concentration of acetylcholine Reversible or Irreversible
27
What are the three types of chemical reaction that can occur when cholinesterase is bound?
acetylation, carbamylation, phosphorylation
28
What is the result of the following when cholinesterase is bound? 1. acetylation 2. carbamylation 3. phosphorylation
1. acetylation = What happens normally in our body, rapidly recover the cholinesterase 2. carbamylation = slower recovery but is still reversible 3. phosphorylation = irreversibly bound - no recovery
29
Excessive cholinergic response affect which systems (5)
Secretions lung heart GI mobility Urinary tract
30
Excessive cholinergic response specific symptoms: 1. secretions 2. lungs 3. heart 4. GI motility 5. Urinary tract
1. secretions = increased drooling, tearing, clogged airways 2. lungs = Bronchoconstriction (difficulty breathing) 3. heart = Reduced heart rate (decreased endurance) 4. GI motility = Increased (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) 5. Urinary tract = contraction of bladder, relaxation of sphincters (urination)
31
Parasympatholytics (aka):
Block PSNS response AKA: anticholinergics or antimuscarinics
32
Atropine
Prototypical anticholinergic
33
What are uses for atropine? (4)
Intubation Opthalmology Asthma Antidote
34
How can atropine be used for the following? 1. Intubation 2. Opthalmology 3. Asthma 4. Antidote
1. Intubation = Clear airways by drying up secretions 2. Opthalmology = Dilate pupils to facilitate eye exams 3. Asthma = Dilate bronchioles 4. Antidote = Counteract poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors
35
Side effects of atropine
Mouth - dry mouth Heart - tachycardia Gut - constipation Bladder - Difficulty urinating
36
A1 receptor function
constriction of smooth muscle
37
Locationof A1 receptors
1. Sphincters: bladder, GI tract 2. Blood vessels: vasoconstriction
38
How do a1 receptors work?
G protein coupled
39
A2 receptor function
inhibition of NE release
40
Location of A2 receptors
presynaptic membrane
41
How do a2 agonists work?
binding agonist to presynaptic a2 receptors inhibits release of NE
42
Function of B1 receptor
1. Heart stimulation (increased rate, atrioventricular conduction and contractility) 2. Kidney (stimulate renin release = increase blood pressure)
43
What 3 parts in the body are only innervated by the SNS?
liver kidney and uterus
44
B2 receptor function
relaxation of smooth muscle
45
Location of B2 receptor
1. lungs - bronchodilation 2. blood vessels in skeletal muscle - vasodilation 3. GI tract, bladder, uterus WALLS- relaxation
46
How does b2 receptor affect the liver?
beta 2 receptors mediate glucose release through: 1. gluconeogenesis 2. glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
47
How does SNS affect the bladder?
B2 in bladder wall relaxes - no forcing of liquid out A1 in sphincter contracts - stops fluid from leaving prevents peeing from occuring
48
Sympathomimetics
drugs that mimic the stimulation of the SNS
49
How do sympathomimetics work?
by directly activating adrenergic receptors by increasing the amount of NT in the synpase
50
How to increase the amount of NT in synpase?
1. increase NT release 2. inhibit reuptake of NT 3. inhibit metabolism of NT
51
What is the mechanism to reuptake NT?
Reuptake pumps sit pre synpatically and remove Nt to stop them from binding to receptors
52
What is the mechanism for metabolism of NT?
MAO (monoamine oxidase) - breaks down catecholamines like NE, serotonin, Dopamine
53
Sympatholytics
drugs that reduce or block the sympathetic activity
54
What is an example of a drug that directly blocks adrenergic receptors?
propanolol - a beta blocker/antagonist
55
What is an example of a drug decreases the amount of NT that is released into synpase?
clonidine - a2 agonist
56
What two muscles control the eye?
1. Iris muscle (circular, radial muscle) 2. Ciliary muscle
57
What receptors control the circular muscle and what happens when it contracts?
M2, M3 receptors contraction constricts pupil
58
What receptors control the radial muscle and what happens when it contracts?
A1 receptor contraction dilates pupil
59
What does the ciliary muscle control?
1. Shape of the lens and focuses image on retina 2. Production of aqueous humor (AH)
60
What is glaucoma caused by?
An increase in intraocular pressure (IOP)
61
What causes an increase in IOP?
Build up of Aq humour due to decreased drainage/increased production
62
PSNS treatment for glaucoma
M2 M3 receptor stimulation contracts ciliary muscle, opens trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm -> more drainage can occur
63
SNS treatment for glaucoma
1. B2 agonists to reduce Aq humor secretion 2. A2 agonists to facilitate drainage/reduce production
64
What other things in the eye does M receptor stimulation affect?
M receptor stimulation= contraction of ciliary muscle causes lens to bulge - improves near vision but blurs far vision

PCTH 325 (19 decks)

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