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BIOM 3090 > Autonomic pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest”

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2
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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3
Q

PSNS and SNS mediate opposing responses in effector organ, they are known as

A

Physiological antagonists

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4
Q

Where does the PSNS begin

A

Cranial and sacral spinal cord

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5
Q

Where does the SNS begin

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

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6
Q

“2-neurons system”

A

pre- and postganglionic fibers

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7
Q

Ganglia

A

aggregation of cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

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8
Q

Where is the ganglia in SNS and give details on the pre and postganglionic fibers

A

-Ganglia near spinal cord (short preganglionic and long post-ganglionic fibers)
-One preganglionic to many postganglionic fibers

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9
Q

Where is the ganglia in PSNS and the give details on the pre and postganglionic fibers

A

-Ganglia close to or within target tissue (long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers)
-One preganglionic to one postganglionic fiber

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10
Q

Autonomic nerves classified based on

A

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

What do cholinergic neurons release

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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12
Q

What do most postganglionic SNS neurons release

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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13
Q

Adrenal gland secretes

A

Epinephrine (EP)

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14
Q

EP is also known as

A

Adrenaline (therefore neurons referred to as adrenergic)

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15
Q

Cholinergic autonomic receptors and their subtypes

A
  1. Muscarinic (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5)
    2.Nicotinic (NN, NM)
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16
Q

Muscarinic,: which receptor sub types correspond with organs innervated by PSNS

A

M2, M3

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17
Q

Muscarinic,: which receptor sub-types correspond with endothelial cells

A

M3, M5

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18
Q

Muscarinic: which receptor sub-types correspond with sweat glands innervated by cholinergic SNS fibers

A

M3

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19
Q

Muscarinic: which receptor sub-types correspond with some ganglia

A

M1

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20
Q

Muscarinic: which receptor sub-types correspond with the CNS

A

All

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21
Q

Nicotinic: where is NN found

A

In the ganglia (PSNS and SNS)

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22
Q

Nicotinic: where is NM found

A

On skeletal muscle (somantic nervous system)

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23
Q

Adrenergic autonomic receptors are found where

A

In organs innervated by SNS and in CNS

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24
Q

How are alpha and beta receptors activated

A

-Alpha activated by NE and EP
-Beta activation of B2 EP»>NE

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25
Q

Adrenergic autonomic receptors and their subtypes

A
  1. Alpha (a1, a2)
  2. Beta (B1,B2,B3)
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26
Q

What causes alterations in the balance of neurotransmitters

A

Autonomic drugs, stress, environmental input

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26
Q

In most tissues PSNS and SNS are considered to be

A

physiological antagonists

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27
Q

Which receptors are activated by acetylcholine (sympathetic)

A

(start with SHORT preganglionic fibers) Nicotinic receptor, (now post-ganglionic fibers), norepinephrine, adrenergic receptors

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28
Q

Which receptors are activated by acetylcholine (parasympathetic)

A

(start with LONG preganglionic fibers), nicotinic receptors, (now postganglionic fibers), muscarinic receptor

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29
Q

Presynaptic pathway

A
  1. Action potential in presynaptic fiber
  2. Synthesis of transmitter
  3. Storage
  4. Metabolism
  5. Release
  6. Uptake
  7. Degredation
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30
Q

Postsynaptic pathway (following presynaptic)

A
  1. Receptor binding
  2. Receptor stimulation
  3. Response
31
Q

Cholinergic transmission is synthesized by

A

the enzyme choline
acetyltransferase (ChAT)

32
Q

Cholinergic transmission is degraded by

A

enzyme
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

33
Q

Cholinergic transmission is driven by

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

Acetylcholine activates which receptors

A

Muscarinic

35
Q

Cholinergic transmission: affect on increase IP3 and DAG

A

stimulatory

36
Q

Cholinergic transmission: affect on decrease in cAMP

A

inhibatory

37
Q

Adrenergic: _____ and ______ determine tissue response

A

Location and subtype

38
Q

Odd number (1, 3, 5) Muscarinic receptors correspond to _______ G proteins

A

Stimulatory

39
Q

Even number (2.4) Muscarinic receptors correspond to ______ G proteins

A

Inhibatory

40
Q

Nicotinic receptors correspond to

A

Stimulatory ion channels

41
Q

M1 location and action

A

Some autonomic ganglia, raise activation

42
Q

M2 location and action

A

Heart, lower rate/force of contraction

43
Q

M3 location and action

A

Smooth muscle, Glands & Endothelial cells, Contracts, raise secretion & raise EDRF release

44
Q

M5 location and action

A

Endothelial cells, raise EDGF release

45
Q

M1, M3, M5 pathway

A

-Agonist binds to rec & activates it
-Activated G protein
-Activates phospholipase C
-Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 to IP3
-[DAG activates PKC]
-IP3 releases stored calcium to give free calcium
-Activated calcium-dependant protein kinases

46
Q

M2 & M4 pathway

A

-Agnoist binds to receptor and activates it
-Activated G protein
-Inhibits adenylate cyclase

47
Q

Adenylate cyclase would normally do what (pathway)

A

-Uses ATP to produce cAMP
-cAMP goes to protein kinase
-Phosphorylates enzyme

48
Q

There is no PSNS input to blood vessels but…

A

Cholinergic receptors are present on endothelial cells that line the blood vessels (direct agonists relax vascular smooth muscle)

49
Q

EDRF

A

Endothelial derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide)

50
Q

Endothelial M3 receptor path

A

Muscarinic agonist binds rec –> Raise Ca2 –> NO –> Ganylyl cyclase –> Raise cGMP

51
Q

NN location and effect

A

-Postganglionic neurons [excitation]
-Adrenal glands
[secretion]
-CNS
[excitation]

52
Q

NM location and effect

A

Skeletal muscle [contraction]

53
Q

Nicotinic receptor sub-units make up

A

Ion channels (Na+/K+)

54
Q

Noreprinephrine 3 step synthesis

A

1)Tyrosine hydroxylase
2) Dopa decarboxylase
3) Dopamine -hydroxylase

55
Q

Norepinephrine termination

A

1) Re-uptake
2) Diffusion away from synapse

56
Q

Norepinephrine metabolized by

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol- O-methyl transferase (COMT)

57
Q

Review synapses

A

ya

58
Q

Adrenergic transmission

A

-Dopamine transported into synaptic vesicles and converted to NE by Beta-hydroxylase
-Epinephrine secreted by adrenal medulla – circulates via blood to various tissues

59
Q

Adrenoreceptors

A

1.Alpha
a1 = same as M1,M3,M5
a2 = same as M2,M4
2.Beta
B1,B2,B3 = raise cAMP

60
Q

B1,B2,B3 receptor pathway

A

-Agonist binds to receptor and activates it
-Activated G protein
-Activates adenylate cyclase
-ATP to cAMP
-Protein kinase phosphorylates enzyme

61
Q

Alpha 1 receptor location and action

A

Smooth muscle cells, [contraction]

62
Q

Where specifically are alpha 1 receptors located

A

-blood vessels (supplying organs and skin
-eye
-pilomotor sm.muscle
-sphincters (GI and urinary)

63
Q

Alpha 2 location and action

A

-SNS nerve terminals: [lower NE]
-PSNS nerve terminals (high in GI tract) [lower ACh]

64
Q

Beta 1 receptors location and action

A

Heart [raise rate/force of contraction]

65
Q

Beta 2 location and action

A

Smooth muscle cells (relaxation)
-bl. vessels {supply skeletal muscle], bronchial tree, uterine,GI & bladder walls)

66
Q

Beta 3 location and action

A

Fat cells [raise lipolysis]

67
Q

Contraction of sphincter: by which receptor and what affect on pupil

A

M3, constriction of pupil
(Release ACh)

68
Q

Contraction of dilator: by which receptor and what affect on pupil

A

alpha 1, dilation of pupil
(Release NE)

69
Q

Aqueous humour removal

A

-Contraction of cilinary muscle (M3) = higher drainage

70
Q

Aqueous humour production

A

alpha - decrease secretion
beta - increase secretion

71
Q

Herat rate

A

M2 - decrease
B1 - increases

72
Q

Blood vessels (most)

A

M3 - vasodilation
a1 - vasoconstriction

73
Q

Blood vessels (sk. muscle)

A

B2 - vasodilation

74
Q

Most organ systems/glands

A

M3 –> contraction –> increase activity –> increase secretion
B2 –> relaxation of smooth muscle
a1 –> constriction of sphincters

75
Q

Autonomic transmission can be inhibited or
stimulated by chemicals that affect

A

*Neurotransmitter synthesis
*Neurotransmitter storage
*Neurotransmitter
release
*Receptor activation
*Neurotransmitter re-uptake
or inactivation

BIOM 3090 (12 decks)

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