Autonomic system

Question 1

The PNS branches off into what to systems?

Answer 1

Autonomic and Somatic system

Question 2

Is the somatic system voluntary or involuntary ?

Answer 2

The somatic system is voluntary it relays info to and from skin and skeletal muscles.

Question 3

Is the autonomic system voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 3

The autonomic system is involuntary it relays information to internal organs.

Question 4

The autonomic system branches off into what two systems?

Answer 4

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 5

What does the sympathetic system control? What does the parasympathetic system control?

Answer 5

Sympathetic Controls organs in time of stress: Relays information to internal organs . Parasympathetic controls organs when the body is at rest.

Question 6

The Autonomic Motor nervous system controls glands, cardiac and smooth muscle . What would be the other name for this system?

Answer 6

The other name for the autonomic motor nervous system is the visceral motor system.

Question 7

The ANS regulates unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis . What are some examples of these?

Answer 7

blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory airflow

Question 8

What are biofeedback techniques?

Answer 8

training that teaches some people to control hypertension, stress and migraine headaches.

Question 9

What are visceral reflexes ?

Answer 9

Unconscious, automatic responses to stimulation of glands, cardiac or smooth muscle

Question 10

Receptors for visceral reflexes detect what kind of stimuli ? What are some examples ?

Answer 10

Internal stimuli. EX: stretch, blood chemicals, body temperature

Question 11

What are effectors ?

Answer 11

Glands, smooth or cardiac muscle

Question 12

True or False ANS modifies effector activity ?

Answer 12

True, ANS doesn’t not cause the activity, it just modifies it. EX: high blood pressure activates a visceral baroreflex

Question 13

Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels are signs of what autonomic system?

Answer 13

Sympathetic system

Question 14

What autonomic system assist in bodily maintenance, digestion and waste elimination ?

Answer 14

Parasympathetic system

Question 15

Effects of Sym and Para depend upon the release of what?

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters

Question 16

Define Autonomic Tone?

Answer 16

Both systems acting simultaneously on the same target organ.

Question 17

Is Autonomic Tone a perfect balance between Sym and Para ? If not, what determines the unequal balance?

Answer 17

False , although it is possible it is mostly and unequal balance because shifts of predominance are determined by mental and physiological states .

Question 18

How many neurons span the distance from CNS to effectors?

Answer 18

There are two neurons. • The presynaptic neuron cell body in CNS ( brain or spinal cord) and postsynaptic neuron cell body in peripheral ganglion

Question 19

What kind of ganglion is defined as a string of paired autonomic ganglia lying alongside the spinal cord from the base of the skull to the coccyx (one on each side of the cord)

Answer 19

Sympathetic trunk ganglion

Question 20

How are sympathetic chain gangion connected to spinal nerves?

Answer 20

By Rami

Question 21

What kind of ganglion are located near the organs they serve ?

Answer 21

They are Autonomic ganglion called collateral ganglion

Question 22

What kind of ganglion are located within the substance of the organs they serve?

Answer 22

Autonomic ganglion called terminal ganglion.

Question 23

Where do sympathetic presynaptic neurons originate?

Answer 23

lateral horns of gray matter of thoracic to lumbar cord (T1-L2)

Question 24

Name the three variety of pathways of preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system

Answer 24

1. they enter ganglia & synapse 2. They travel to higher or lower ganglia & synapse 3. They pass through chain without synapsing to reach collateral ganglia via splanchnic nerves.

Question 25

Define neuronal divergence

Answer 25

preganglionic cells synapse with multiple post ganglionic cells . This produces a widespread effect on multiple organs.

Question 26

True or False there is a simple one to one relationship between pre and post ganglionic neurons.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Define neuronal convergence

Answer 27

Each postganglionic cell may receive synapses from | multiple preganglionic cells

Question 28

True or false Neuronal divergence allows sympathetic | division to have a relatively widespread effect

Answer 28

True , divergent starts off simple and spreads out

Question 29

What is another name for the sympathetic division?

Answer 29

It is also called the Thoracolumbar division because they arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the cord

Question 30

True or false the sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Where are the preganglionic somas in the sympathetic division ?

Answer 31

lateral horns and nearby regions of gray matter

Question 32

How do fibers in the sympathetic division exit?

Answer 32

fibers exit by way of spinal nerves | T1-L2

Question 33

Where do the sympathetic fibers lead to?

Answer 33

fibers lead to sympathetic chain of ganglia(paravertebral ganglia) along each side of the cord.

Question 34

True or false sympathetic consists of Short, lightly myelinated preganglionic neurons?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

True or false sympathetic division consists of Long | , unmyelinated postganglionic neurons

Answer 35

True

Question 36

In the sympathetic division what are the ganglion closest to?

Answer 36

spinal cord

Question 37

True or false white & gray communicating rami suspend ganglia from spinal nerve

Answer 37

True

Question 38

How many paths can a preganglionic fiber in the sympathetic division take? what are they?

Answer 38

There are three different paths . The preganglionic fiber may synapse IN the ganglion, The preganglionic fiber may pass through sympathetic ganglion without synapsing and synapse in a more distant ganglion, Lastly a preganglionic neuron can ascend or descend to another ganglion .

Question 39

Sympathetic nerve fibers(Post ganglionic) leave the paravertebral ganglia by what three routes?

Answer 39

spinal nerves,sympathetic nerves and, splanchnic nerves

Question 40

How do post ganglionic fibers leave while exiting the spinal nerve?

Answer 40

postganglionic fibers exit by way of the gray ramus, return to the spinal nerve or its subdivision, and travel the rest of the way to the target organ

Question 41

What post ganglionic route innervates most effectors in the body wall?

Answer 41

The spinal route innervates sweat glands, piloerector muscles,blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles.

Question 42

Which Nerve originates from T5-T12 and passes through the chain without synapsing ?

Answer 42

Splanchnic Nerve

Question 43

How do post ganglionic fibers leave when exiting through the sympathetic nerve route?

Answer 43

postganglionic fibers leave by way of sympathetic nerves that extend to the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thoracic blood vessels

Question 44

What are the three major collateral ganglia?

Answer 44

celiac, superior mesentric , and inferior mesentric

Question 45

What do the unmyelinated postganglionic axons of the ciliac ganglion innervate?

Answer 45

stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small intestine, and the ascending and transverse colon

Question 46

What does the inferior mesentric ganglion innervate?

Answer 46

the viscera of the distal intestines and pelvis

Question 47

What does the superior mesentric ganglion innervate?

Answer 47

proximal intestine and abdominal organs.

Question 48

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 48

Paired glands sit on superior pole of each kidney

Question 49

What part of the Adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones ?

Answer 49

The cortex of the Adrenal gland

Question 50

The sympathetic system and adrenal glands work together and form what system?

Answer 50

The Sympathoadrenal system

Question 51

Where do preganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic system originate?

Answer 51

The pons and medulla oblongata for crnial nuclei and spinal cord segments S2-S4

Question 52

What cranial nerves run along the pathwyas of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Answer 52

CN's III, VII, IX, & X

Question 53

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(III)

Answer 53

Oculomotor nerve, narrows pupil and focuses lens

Question 54

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(VII)

Answer 54

Facial nerve, regulates secretion of tears, lacrimal, and 2 salivary glands

Question 55

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(IX)

Answer 55

Glossalpharyngeal nerve, regulates parotid salivary gland

Question 56

What is the parasympathetic function of CN(X)

Answer 56

Vagus nerve, muscles, and glands of the viscera as far inferiorly as the proximal half of the colon

Question 57

True or false In the parasympathetic nervous system pre ganglionic nerves are long

Answer 57

true

Question 58

True or false In the parasympathetic nervous system post ganglionic nerves are short

Answer 58

true

Question 59

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 59

The NS of the digestive track

Question 60

True or false the Enteric NS has its own reflex arcs

Answer 60

True

Question 61

What , in specific , does the enteric system do?

Answer 61

Regulates motility of viscera and secretion of digestive enzymes and acid in concert with the ANS

Question 62

What , in specific , does the enteric system do?

Answer 62

Regulates motility of viscera and secretion of digestive enzymes and acid in concert with the ANS

Question 63

What two plexus does the enteric NS form?

Answer 63

myenteric, and submucosal plexus

Question 64

True or false does the enteric system arise from the brain stem or spinal cord?

Answer 64

False

Question 65

What does the Enteric NS innervate? (same as ANS)

Answer 65

Smooth muscle and glands

Question 66

The Myenteric and submocosal plexus Controls activity of gastrointestinal tract in three ways

Answer 66

Controls intestinal peristalsis, modulating blood flow through gut, and regulates the release of secretions from the gastrointestinal glands.

Question 67

True or false , the gastrointestinal activities can be influenced by the parasympathetic system only.

Answer 67

False both the sympathetic and parasympathetic can influence the gastrointestinal activities.

Question 68

What determines the effects of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 68

The types of neurotransmitters, and types of receptors on target cells.

Question 69

Which subdivision of the Autonomic system has longer lasting effects because it reaches the bloodstream before being broken down?

Answer 69

The sympathetic NS .

Question 70

What are the two classifications of neurotransmitters in the ANS?

Answer 70

Cholinergic and Adrenergic

Question 71

ACh binds to what two classes of cholinergic receptor?

Answer 71

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

Question 72

Where can you find nicotinic receptors? And are they inhibitory or excitatory ?

Answer 72

Occur on all ANS postganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions( skeletal muscle) . Excitatory

Question 73

Where can you find Muscarinic receptor? Are they inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 73

Occurs on all glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle . It can be either excitatory or inhibitory

Question 74

True or false . Cholinergic receptors are found on dendrites and cell bodies of the entire ANS However can only be found in the target organs of ONLY the Parasympathetic NS

Answer 74

True

Question 75

Is the mechanism for action in a cholinergic receptor Indirect? Or Direct?

Answer 75

Direct, a neurotransmitter binds and the ion gates open

Question 76

Is the mechanism for action in a Muscarinic receptor Indirect? Or Direct?

Answer 76

Indirect, Muscarinic receptors use G proteins as their signaling mechanism, which begin an information cascade within the cell.

Question 77

How do Muscarinic Receptor Effect Cariac muscle ?

Answer 77

Slows heart rate and strength of contraction

Question 78

How doMuscarinic Receptor Effect the digestive system?

Answer 78

Increases digestive activity including secretions & peristalsis.

Question 79

How do Muscarinic Receptor Effect the eye

Answer 79

Causes constriction of Iris

Question 80

The NT neuropinephrine binds to what two classes of receptors?

Answer 80

Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors

Question 81

What is the difference between Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors?

Answer 81

Alpha is exitatory and Beta is inhibitory

Question 82

What are the sub classes to Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors?

Answer 82

There is Alpha 1 &2 and Beta 1&2 Adrenergic receptors

Question 83

What do Beta receptors activate?

Answer 83

Cyclic AMP

Question 84

What does Alpha 2 suppress?

Answer 84

cAMP production

Question 85

What does Alpha 1 use as a second messenger?

Answer 85

calcium ions

Question 86

What is the stimulation of Alpha receptors associated with ?

Answer 86

Constriction of small blood vessels in the bronchial mucosa

Question 87

What is the stimulation of Beta receptors associated with ?

Answer 87

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscles which cause the bronchi of the lungs to dilate and cause an increase in the rate and force of heart contractions

Question 88

In the sympathetic system where are the ganglia located and what are their names?

Answer 88

Located Paravertebral, and its name is sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 89

In the Parasympathetic system where are the ganglia located and what are their names?

Answer 89

Located Prevertebral, and their names are Colleteral and Terminal ganglions

Question 90

In the Sympathetic system Preganglionic axons are ____ while Postganglionic axons are ____.

Answer 90

Short, Long

Question 91

In the Parasympathetic system Preganglionic axons are ____ while Postganglionic axons are ____.

Answer 91

Long, Short

Question 92

What neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic system, Postganglionic ?

Answer 92

Norepinephrne

Question 93

What neurotransmitter is used in the Parasympathetic system, Postganglionic ?

Answer 93

ACh

Question 94

What are the three special ganglia in the Sympathetic system ?

Answer 94

Superior, middle, & inferior cervical; celiac; superior, inferior mesenteric

Question 95

What are the four special ganglia in the Parasympathetic system ?

Answer 95

Ciliary, Pterygopalantine, Submandibular, Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

Question 96

What is Sympathetic tone ?

Answer 96

A baseline firing frequency, the average firing frequency

Question 97

Define Vasoconstriction

Answer 97

Increase in firing frequency

Question 98

Define Vasodilation

Answer 98

Decrease in firing frequency

Question 99

What is the point of Vasomotor tone?

Answer 99

It shifts blood flow from one organ to another according to its needs. EX: sympathetic stimulation increases blood to skeletal and cardiac muscle, reduced blood to skin.

Question 100

True or False Lacrimal glands are innervated by parasympathetic only !

Answer 100

TRUE

Question 101

What can respond directly to sensory input from cardiac, vasomotor, and GI tract?

Answer 101

Reticular formation and brain stem

Question 102

Sympathomimetics ___ sympathetic activity and___receptors or norepinephrine release

Answer 102

enhance , stimulate

Question 103

Sympatholytics ____ sympathetic activity | ____receptors or norepinephrine release

Answer 103

Suppress, inhibit