Autonomics - Karius

Question 1

What part of spinal cord does afferent neuron go to?

Answer 1

Dorsal

Question 2

Afferent neuron

Answer 2

Sensory info INTO CNS

Question 3

Efferent neuron

Answer 3

Motor info OUT of CNS

Question 4

Reflex arcs

Answer 4

Nervous system is a series of reflex arcs
Sensory input into CNS
Triggers a response
Initiates a motor outflow to ‘do’ something and correct the sensory input

Question 5

Dr. Karius is cooking and touches hot pan

Answer 5

Nociceptors (pain receptors) in hand are brought to threshold and an action potential travels down the nerve to her spinal cord and depolarizes the pre-synaptic membrane of axon from the nociceptors.
The action potentials in the motor neurons going to arm muscles pull hand out of fire before serious damage done

Question 6

Autonomic Reflex Arc

Answer 6

Afferent sensory going in

Autonomic nervous system going out

Question 7

Autonomic reflex arc - afferent component

Answer 7

May be same as other reflexes - visual, auditory cues
Stimulus often not as discrete
-how much light coming in eye
-do I need more O2
-How is BP
-is intestine or bladder distended

Question 8

Integration of autonomic reflexes occurs

Answer 8

Within the brain, usually at lower levels (brainstem, hypothalamus) rather than the cortex

Question 9

What is the equivalent of the motor neurons used to produce the withdrawal reflex in the autonomic reflex arc

Answer 9

ANS

Question 10

Autonomic nervous system and the GI tract

Answer 10

Controlling smooth muscle, blood flow and the secretion from glands

Question 11

Sensory information - simple reflex arc

Answer 11

Afferent info
From the periphery into the spinal cord
Gives ride to sensory perception, some forms (painful inputs) trigger reflexes

Question 12

Efferent neuron - simple reflex arc

Answer 12

(the alpha-motorneuron)
Causes contraction of muscle to elicit effect
Eg. removing hand from hot pan
The ANS is the efferent arm of our reflexes that control the viscera

Question 13

How many neurons in the outflow of the ANS

Answer 13

2

Question 14

Pre-ganglionic neuron

Answer 14

Starts in CNS (gets message from the brain)
Leaves the CNS
Travels to a ganglion
Where it will synapse on the second neuron in the pathway

Question 15

Ganglion is

Answer 15

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies

Question 16

The pre-ganglion axon synapses on the

Answer 16

Post-ganglionic neuron

Question 17

3 ways to distinguish between parasymp and symp systems

Answer 17

1. Where the pre-ganglionic fibers leave the CNS
2. The location of the ganglion
3. The lengths of the pre- and post-ganglionic axons

Question 18

Axons of the parasymp. pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS from the:

Answer 18

Cranial

Sacral

Question 19

In the parasymp. nervous system, the ganglia are located

Answer 19

On or near the target organs

Question 20

In parasymp. the pre-ganglionic fiber is ____ and post-ganglionic axon is ____

Answer 20

Long
Short
PLS

Question 21

Sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave CNS from the

Answer 21

Thoracic

Lumbar

Question 22

In the sympathetic system, the ganglia are located

Answer 22

In the sympathetic chain just outside the vertebral column

Question 23

In symp. nervous system, the pre-ganglionic fiber is ____ and post-ganglionic axon is ____

Answer 23

Short
Long
SSL

Question 24

In both symp. and parasymp. the NT released by the pre-ganglionic fiber is

Answer 24

ACh

Question 25

Type of receptor expressed on the post-ganglionic cells' dendrites for both parasymp and symp.

Answer 25

nAChR

Question 26

What happens when ACh is released by pre-ganglionic fiber binds to nAChR on the post-ganglionic cell membrane?

Answer 26

Sodium enters cell causing an epsp and eventually leading to an action potential in that neuron

Question 27

en passant synapses

Answer 27

ANS - more like mailman throwing mail out of window, not putting in slot

Question 28

Varicosities

Answer 28

Little swellings along the length of the axon | Contain the NT

Question 29

ANS efferent synaptic structure

Answer 29

The NT diffuses to the effector cell, binds to a receptor and causes something to happen Because this synapse is not as protected as those we saw before, there is substantial leakage of the NT into the systemic circulation

Question 30

What type of receptor is on the effector cell in the ANS parasympathetic?

Answer 30

Muscarinic receptor (vs. nicotinic)

Question 31

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 31

4 or 5 different types All activated by Ach (in the body) and the exogenous substance muscarine Serpentine receptor G-protein coupled

Question 32

3 Types of muscarinic receptors

Answer 32

M2 (cardiac) M3 M4 (glands)

Question 33

M2

Answer 33

Muscarinic receptor Cardiac : decreased cAMP that leads to increased conductance of potassium

Question 34

M3

Answer 34

Muscarinic receptor | Same as M2, but not restricted to cardiac

Question 35

M4

Answer 35

Muscarinic receptor | Lead to increased IP3/DAG that increases Ca

Question 36

In the sympathetic nervous system, the NT released by the post-ganglionic fiber is

Answer 36

NE

Question 37

NE can bind to these receptors

Answer 37

Alpha-adrenergic | Beta-adrenergic

Question 38

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

Answer 38

Higher affinity for NE than epinephrine 1a, 1b and 1d 2a, 2b, 2c

Question 39

1a, 1b, 1d | a-adrenergic receptors

Answer 39

Increase IP3 and DAG that leads to decreased conductance of potassium

Question 40

2a, 2b, 2c | a-adrenergic receptors

Answer 40

decrease cAMP that lead to decreased calcium and increased potassium

Question 41

Beta-adrenergic receptors

Answer 41

Higher affinity for epinephrine | 3 subtypes, all increase cAMP

Question 42

What type of cells produce epinephrine and their location

Answer 42

Chromaffin | In the adrenal medulla

Question 43

The adrenal medulla is the equivalent of a

Answer 43

Sympathetic ganglion

Question 44

What NT acting at what receptor type is going to tell the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine?

Answer 44

Since this is a pre-ganglionic neuron coming in, ACh acting at nicotinic receptors

Question 45

Chromaffin cell primarily releases

Answer 45

Epinephrine | *small amts of dopamine and NE because we make epi by first making dopamine, then converting it to NE then to epi

Question 46

Radial muscle of iris

Answer 46

Symp a-adrenergic Contraction of muscle leads to dilation of pupil Allows more light in

Question 47

Ciliary muscle of lens

Answer 47

Symp B2-adrenergic receptor Relaxation of muscle leads to flattening of lens Focus on far objects

Question 48

Trex is coming what helps you to see where the exit is?

Answer 48

Ciliary muscle of eye relaxed leading to flattening of lens

Question 49

Sympathetic heart response

Answer 49

B1 and B2-adrenergic receptors * increase heart rate * increase strength of contraction

Question 50

Sympathetic and vascular smooth muscle

Answer 50

a receptors cause contraction | B receptors cause relaxation

Question 51

Most a. and v. have both alpha and beta receptors on them

Answer 51

``` Heart (not a major player) Skeletal muscle (strong effect) Lungs (not a major player) Abdominal organs Kidneys ```

Question 52

Some arterial muscles have only a receptors on them

Answer 52

Skin and mucosa (so don't bleed as much if Trex takes a bite) Salivary glands Brain

Question 53

Symp and bronchial smooth muscle

Answer 53

B2 receptors Smooth muscle relaxation Bronchodilation

Question 54

Symp and bronchial glands

Answer 54

a1: decrease secretion B2: increase secretion

Question 55

Symp and motility

Answer 55

a1 and B | Usually decrease motility

Question 56

Symp and sphincters

Answer 56

a1 cause contraction

Question 57

Symp and secretion

Answer 57

a2: decrease secretion

Question 58

Symp and Liver

Answer 58

a1 and B2 receptors | Increase glycogenolysis

Question 59

Glycogenolysis

Answer 59

Release of glucose

Question 60

Symp and adipose tissue

Answer 60

a1, B1 and B3 receptors | Increase lipolysis

Question 61

Parasympathetic response

Answer 61

``` Activation of radial muscle of eye Contraction ciliary muscles of lens Decrease heart rate/contractility Vasodilation Bronchial smooth muscle contraction Digestive organs Micturition ```

Question 62

ANS functions as

Answer 62

a balancing act, not an all or one system | Unless it is an extreme need - like Trex