Autumn 2020 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What type of trees are softwood?
A
coniferous
2
Q
What are features of coniferous trees?
A
- They grow in cooler climates
- They are softer and easier to work with
- They grow tall and straight which makes it easier to cut long planks of wood
- They have a looser grain structure
- They are evergreens so they grow all year round and do not lose their needles
- They are often used as building materials
- They grow faster and are therefore cheaper
3
Q
What are 4 examples of a Coniferous tree?
A
- Larch
- Pine
- Spruce
- Redwood
4
Q
What type of trees are hardwood?
A
most are Deciduous, however some are coniferous
5
Q
What are features of a deciduous tree?
A
- They have a harder wood
- They generally grow in temperate climates
- They are broad-leaved trees and the seeds are enclosed in the fruit that the tree produces
- They are slower growing trees and therefore more expensive
- They have a tighter grain
6
Q
Where are evergreen hardwood trees found?
A
in tropical and subtropical countries
7
Q
What are 5 examples of deciduous trees?
A
- Ash
- Beech
- Mahogany
- Oak
- Balsa
8
Q
What does FSC stand for?
A
FSC stands for the “Forest Stewardship Council”
9
Q
What do FSC do?
A
FSC is an international organisation dedicated to responsible management of forests around teh world, they manage forests to preserve biological diversity and sustainable forestry. Their work is important as it guarantees biodiversity and for forests to survive for years to come. They do this by cutting down only a few trees in a certain area then letting the forest regrow in that area, rather than clearing large areas of forest
10
Q
What are 6 types of manufactured boards?
A
- Chipboard
- Laminated Chipboard
- Plywood
- Fibreboard
- Medium Density Fibreboard
- Particle Board
11
Q
Why would MDF be used to make a living room table or a kitchen cupboard door?
A
MDF is relatively cheap to produce and the board is smooth, making it aesthetically pleasing. They can also be faced with a veneer to make it look even nicer
12
Q
Why would chipboard be used to make boarding for a loft area?
A
Chipboard is extremely cheap to produce and is fairly durable meaning that it can stay in a loft without having to be replaced often
13
Q
Why would chipboard be used to make a kitchen work top?
A
Chipboard is extremely cheap to produce and is fairly durable. It can be laminated/given a plastic finish making it look aesthetically pleasing and is more durable
14
Q
What composition is Aluminium?
A
Pure Metal
15
Q
What are the properties of Aluminium?
A
- Greyish-White
- Soft
- conductive to heat and electricity
- it is corrosion resistant.
- Lightweight
- Malleable and Ductile
16
Q
What are the uses of Aluminium?
A
Aircraft, boats, window frames, saucepans, packaging and insulation, pistons and cranks
17
Q
What composition is Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel)
A
Alloy - Ferrous Metal
18
Q
What are the properties of Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel)
A
- Mild Steel is a ferrous metal
- It is malleable, ductile
- conductor of heat and electricity,
- not resistant to corrosion.
- It has an intermediate weight
19
Q
What are the uses of Low Carbon Steel (Mild Steel)
A
General structure work, girders, nuts, bolts, screws, non-cutting tools and car bodies
20
Q
What composition is High Carbon Steel (Tool Steel)
A
Alloy - Ferrous Metal
21
Q
What are the properties of High Carbon Steel (Tool Steel)
A
- Tool steel is a ferrous metal .
- It is not as malleable or ductile as mild steel and is
- very hard and strong although the strength decreases if it contains more than 0.9% carbon.
- Its hardness and strength can be improved by heat treatment.
- It is a conductor of both heat and electricity,
- resistant to wear and has an intermediate weight
- High melting point
22
Q
What are the uses of High Carbon Steel (Tool Steel)
A
Hand tools, chisels, screwdrivers and punches
23
Q
What composition is Zinc
A
Pure Metal
24
Q
What are the properties of Zinc
A
- Zinc is a pure metal
- Low melting point
- It is resistant to corrosion
- a conductor of bot electricity and heat.
- It is brittle and crystalline at room temperature however when heated it becomes malleable and ductile.
- It has an intermediate weight,
- is soft and is quite weak
25
What are the uses of Zinc
Galvanised Steel buckets, tanks and dustbins and rust proof paints
26
What composition is Copper
Pure metal
27
What are the properties of Copper
* Copper is a pure metal
* It is malleable and ductile and is the
* 3rd best metal for conducting heat and electricity.
* It is resistant to both corrosion and wear.
* It has an intermediate weight,
* it is soft but also tough
* Welds easily
28
What are the uses of Copper
Electrical wire, printed circuit board, central heating pipes, boxes, bowls and rivets
29
What composition is Cast Iron
Alloy - Ferrous Metal
30
What are the properties of Cast Iron
* Cast Iron is a ferrous metal
* It is not malleable and has to be cast.
* rusts easily
* can conduct both heat and electricity.
* It is strong and hard
* intermediate weight
31
What are the uses of Cast Iron
Cylinder Blocks, Piston rings, car brake drums, vices, manhole covers, fire grates and machine tools
32
What composition is Stainless Steel
Alloy - Ferrous Metal
33
What are the properties of Stainless Steel
* Stainless Steel is a ferrous metal
* it is malleable and ductile.
* It is resistant to wear, corrosion, and rust
* It is hard and strong
* intermediate weight.
* Unlike other ferrous metals it contains chromium so stainless steel does not rust
34
What are the uses of Stainless Steel
Sink units, kitchenware, pipes, and aircraft
35
What composition is Brass
Alloy
36
What are the properties of Brass
* Brass is an alloy
* It is malleable and ductile
* resistant to both corrosion and wear.
* It is a conductor of heat and electricity.
* It has an intermediate weight
* intermediate strength
37
What are the uses of Brass
Castings, boat fittings, ornaments, wood screws, and cartridge cases
38
What are 4 types of metal finishes?
* Paint
* Plastic Coating
* Galvanising
* Electroplating
39
Describe the process of Paint
Paint is sprayed through a high pressure hose from a paint supply or painted onto the necessary components by someone wearing PPE. This could also be done by a robotic machine where it is given set instructions to spray certain areas of the components and certain areas not to
40
What are the advantages/disadvantages of paint?
Advantages: It is a relatively cheap and easy way to finish metals
Disadvantages: It can wear away and needs maintaining relatively often. When applied parts can be missed, leaving areas exposed
41
Describe the process of Plastic Coating
A piece of metal is heated up to around 250°C, once hot, it is then dipped into a polythene in powder form. The plastic is applied with a negative charge as the item being dipped is positively charged
42
What are the advantages/disadvantages of Plastic Coating
Advantages: Plastic powder coating is very durable and will not have to be reapplied
Disadvantages: Large start up costs, limited range of suitable materials
43
Describe the process of Galvanising
The 98% zinc bath is heated to 839*C .Steel components are dipped into the hot, molten zinc. The zinc provides a uniform protection all over the steel
44
What are the advantages/disadvantages of Galvanising
Advantages: It protects the steel from corrosion and is extremely durable. Once galvanised the component basically maintenance free and is aesthetically pleasing whilst protecting the component from even the harshest conditions. It provides a uniform protection all over the component, You can further finish it with plastic coating or paint
45
Describe the process of Electroplating
Electroplating involves passing an electric current through a solution called an electrolyte. When the electricity flows through the circuit they make, the electrolyte splits up and some of the metal atoms it contains are deposited in a thin layer on top of one of the electrodes—it becomes electroplated.
46
What are the advantages/disadvantages of Electroplating
Advantages: It is very aesthetically pleasing
Disadvantages: it does not protect the metal, it is only for aesthetics
47
Where do most polymers originate from?
crude oil
48
What are bioplastics made from?
Plant oils
49
What are polymers more commonly known as?
plastics
50
What are the 3 types of polymers?
Thermoforming Polymers
Thermosetting Polymers
Bioplastics
51
What are thermoforming polymers?
Thermoforming polymers are plastics that can be re-heated and therefore shaped in various ways. They become mouldable after reheating as they do not undergo significant chemical change. The bond between molecules become weaker and weaker when reheated, allowing reshaping. These types of plastics can be recycled
52
What are thermosetting polymers?
Thermosetting polymers are plastics that once "set" cannot be reheated to soften, shape and mould. The molecules of these plastics are cross linked in 3 dimensions and this is why they cannot be reshaped or recycled. The bond between the molecules is very strong
53
What are the pros and cons of thermoforming polymers?
Pros:
* Highly recyclable
* Aesthetically-superior finishes
* High-impact resistance
* Remoulding/reshaping capabilities
* Chemical resistant
* Eco-friendly manufacturing
Cons:
* Generally more expensive than thermoset
* Can melt if heated
54
What are the pros and cons of thermosetting polymers?
Pros:
* More resistant to high temperatures than thermoformed
* Highly flexible design
* Thick to thin wall capabilities
* Excellent Aesthetic appearance
* High level of dimensional stability
* Cost-effective
Cons:
* Cannot be recycled
* More difficult to surface finish
* Cannot be remoulded or reshaped
55
What is the molecular structure of thermoforming Polymers?
layers of molecules on top of each other, each with bonds to 2 other molecules
56
What is the molecular structure of thermosetting polymers?
lattice of molecules cross linked, each with bonds to 4 other molecules
57
What is an example use of Acrylic (PMMA)?
A car indicator cover
58
What are the properties of Acrylic (PMMA)?
* Quite hard and brittle
* Resistant to weathering
* Scratches easily
* Excellent optical properties
59
What is an example use of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)?
a yogurt pot
60
What are the properties of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)?
* Flexible
* Good impact resistance
* Lightweight
61
What is an example use of High Density Polyethene (HDPE)?
a beach bucket
62
What are the properties of High Density Polythene (HDPE)?
* Has a little bit of flex but is hard and stiff
* It is durable
* excellent chemical resistance
63
What is an example use of Polypropylene (PP)?
a plastic chair
64
What are the properties of Polypropylene (PP)?
* It is structurally strong
* Good heat and chemical resistance
* It has a little bit of flexibility
* Lightweight
* Fatigue resistant
65
What is an example use of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)?
a window frame
66
What are the properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC?)
* Resistant to UV rays from the sun and fairly chemical resistant.
* Fairly water and weather resistant
* Hard and tough
67
What is an example use of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)?
A plastic bottle
68
What are the properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)?
* It is highly recyclable
* Lightweight
* Food Safe
* Low cost
69
What type of polymer is Acrylic (PMMA)?
Thermoforming
70
What type of polymer is High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)?
Thermoforming
71
What type of polymer is High Density Polythene (HDPE)?
Thermoforming
72
What type of polymer is Polypropylene (PP?)
Thermoforming
73
What type of polymer is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)?
Thermoforming
74
What type of polymer is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)?
Thermoforming
75
What is an example use of Epoxy Resin (ER)?
adhesives/sealant
76
What are the properties of Epoxy Resin (ER)?
* Can be used as an adhesive. It comes in 2 tubes, one as epoxy resin and one as a hardener.
* It is thermosetting meaning that it is permanent and cannot be melted down and recycled
* Electrical insulator
* Good chemical and wear resistance
77
What is an example use of Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF)?
coating on a kitchen worktop
78
What are the properties of Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF)?
* Melamine-Formaldehyde is a very thin layer of plastic.
* It is very hard, smooth, and hard.
* It is easy to clean, is heat resistant, and is resistant to scratching and staining meaning it is often used on kitchen work tops
79
What is an example use of Phenol Formaldehyde (PF)?
pan handle
80
What are the properties of Phenol Formaldehyde (PF)?
* Phenol Formaldehyde is used when there is extreme heat.
* It is often used in pan handles as it has very high heat tolerance (is an insulator)
* It is hard
* It is chemical resistant
81
What is an example use of Polyester Resin (PR)?
used in boats/surfboards
82
What are the properties of Polyester Resin (PR)?
* Polyester resin is the same epoxy as resin, however it has a much higher resin percentage rather than hardener.
* The plastic holds its shape very well, however it is not very strong and can break when impacted.
* It can also be used to fix things
* It is hard and UV resistant
83
What is an example use of Urea-Formaldehyde (UF)?
Plug socket
84
What are the properties of Urea-Formaldehyde (UF)?
* Urea-formaldehyde is incredibly hard but is also extremely brittle.
* Its also very heat and electricity resistant and is often used as a plug socket as electricity can generate a lot of heat
85
What do Plasticisers do to plastics?
make the plastic softer
86
What does pigment do to plastics?
changes the colour of the plastic
87
What do stabilisers do to plastics?
give plastics protection against something. E.g. a UV stabiliser
88
What do fillers do to plastics?
Make the plastic tougher and stronger (more resistant)
89
What type of plastic is Epoxy Resin (ER)?
Thermosetting
90
What type of plastic is Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF)?
Thermosetting
91
What type of plastic is Phenol Formaldehyde (PF)?
Thermosetting
92
What type of plastic is Polyester Resin (PR)?
Thermosetting
93
What type of plastic is Urea-Formaldehyde (UF)?
Thermosetting
94
What type of material is Carbon Fibre?
Smart material
95
What type of material is Teflon?
Smart material
96
What type of material is a Biopolymer?
Smart material
97
What type of material is a thermochromic material?
Smart material
98
What type of material is a photochromic material?
Smart material
99
What type of material is a fluorescent material?
Smart material
100
What type of material is a phosphorescent material?
Smart material
101
What is an example use of Carbon Fibre?
racing bike
102
What is an example use of Teflon?
non-stick pan
103
What is an example use of Biopolymer?
biodegradable salad bowl
104
What is an example use of a thermochromic material?
bath thermometer
105
What is an example use of a photochromic material?
glasses that become darker in the sun
106
What is an example use of a fluorescent material?
fluorescent cycling top
107
What is an example use of a phosphorescent material?
glow in the dark material
108
What are the properties of Carbon Fibre?
It is a composite made of carbon fibre strands and resin. It has a very high strength to weight ratio
109
What are the properties of Teflon?
It is non-stick, it is a polymer
110
What are the properties of a Biopolymer?
A biopolymer is a polymer made from natural resources rather than crude oil. It is biodegradable. They are not recyclable
111
What are the properties of a thermochromic material?
A change in temperature changes the colour of the pigment
112
What are the properties of a photochromic material?
Sensitive to UV light. Molecular structure changes when exposed to UV light and changes colour
113
What are the properties off a fluorescent material?
Produce light when exposed to UV light. Only effective when there is UV light
114
What are the properties of a phosphorescent material?
Phosphorescent materials produce light as a result of being exposed to a light source. Light energy is absorbed and then released slowly over time as light
115
What colours does lithographical printing use?
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black (CMYK)
116
Why is Black known as K and not B in CMYK printing?
K stands for Key as black is the key colour. Black adds depth and tone to the images. Without black the images would not look right
117
What are the lines in the corners of printed pages used for?
The crosses are used to align each of the plates/sheets when printing
118
Why are there blocks of colour underneath a printed image?
They show if the printer is printing normally and if the ink is working properly
119
What is the circle with a cross used for in printing?
It helps align the different sheets
120
Describe the process of Offset printing (lithographical printing)
In offset printing, the first step is the ink rollers applying ink to the image roller and the water rollers applying water onto the image roller. The image roller contains the image that is being printed. The image roller then applies the image using the ink onto the offset roller (not directly onto the paper). The offset roller then applies the image onto the paper. This process must be repeated 4 times per image printed, this is because 4 different colours of ink must be used to form the correct looking image. These 4 colours are Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (key)
121
Most offset lithography presses have 4 sections for the CMYK colour separations, why might some have extra sections?
Other sections could be sued for special colours, such as white, gold, and silver, all of which cannot be made using CMYK
122
How cost effective is printing 50 A4 posters compared to printing 5000 A4 posters using offset lithography printing?
50 A4 posters would not be very cost effective as it is a long and costly process. It takes a while to set and start printing so it is not efficient to only print 50 poster. 5000 posters would be more worth your time as the although setting it up costs more and takes a while, it would save money/time
123
The colour black can be created by mixing the other 3 colours together, why is there a separate black colour in CMYK printing?
You do not get a true black colour when mixing the colours. It also uses much more ink to print if you mix other colours. Black is used to add depth and tone on top of the other colours to create a more realistic image. IT is also used to make colours such as grey
124
Most home printers sue CMYK printing. Sometimes the colours are all separate and sometimes the CMY are all combined in one cartridge. What happens when one of the coloured inks runs out?
When one of the colours runs out the image will not be printed correctly. The colours will not look correct as you normally need all of the colours to mix and create a colour, such as orange or red. In a tricolour cartridge, if one colour runs out the whole cartridge has to be replaced, even if there is still plenty of the other 2 colours
125
Why does the cost for reprinting a batch of posters cost less than the original batch when using offset printing?
It will cost less as you have already created the plates for printing, this means that you only need to pay for the price of printing the images rather than creating the plates
126
Computer monitors do not always display CMYK colours very accurately, explain why.
Computers use RGB - Red, Green, Blue - whereas CMYK uses Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. When we see the colours on a sheet of paper the light is reflecting off the paper and into our eyes, however when we see the colours on a computer monitor it is being emitted from the screen itself. This can cause the print to look different than the one on the computer screen
127
Why do we produce products in different volumes?
Different products have different levels of demand and therefore some have higher demand than others. They may lose money is they cannot sell all their stock, they could also lose money if they run out of stock and are unable to sell their items as they have ran out of it
128
How do production volumes affect production technique?
Products with higher production volumes need to be produced in larger batches and cheaper which may cause the manufacturing to be automated. Products with lower production volumes do not need to be produced in large batches and it may be cheaper to produce them by hand
129
What are the 4 scales of production?
* One-off production
* Batch Production
* Mass Production
* Continuous Production
130
Why do one-off products have a high unit cost?
One-off products have a high unit cost as they are often made by individuals manually, this means that it often takes much longer and you have to pay for the labour time to make it
131
What are the cost implications of mass production
The cost implications are that initially you would lose money as it would be extremely expensive to set up all the equipment and robotics, however in the long run it would save money and time as they can be produced much quicker and cheaper then manual labour by people
132
What would be an example of a one-off production?
Tailored Garment (1 unit required)
133
What would be an example of a batch production?
Hand embroidery (150 units required)
134
What would be an example of a mass production?
Xbox (5,000,000 units required)
135
What would be an example of a continuous production?
A4 paper (constant supply)
136
What is an advantage of one-off production?
Advantages of one-off production is that it can be made to an exact personal design and is usually high quality. As there is only 1 needed unit it would be cheaper to make it individually as it has low start up costs as it is usually made by hand. It can be sold for a high price due to the production process
137
What is a disadvantage of one-off production?
Disadvantages of one-off production is that the final product is expensive as it is labour intensive and is a slow process. Only 1 product can be made at a time making it extremely time consuming
138
What is an advantage of batch production?
Advantages of batch production are that it is cheaper to produce a whole batch of a product than a single item at a time. Machinery can be utilised more efficiently, therefore saving money. It is useful for seasonal items due to the ability to order more or less of a particular item
139
What is a disadvantage of batch production?
Disadvantages of batch production are that it has increased storage costs for large quantities of products to be stored. Errors with machinery could cause errors in the whole batch rather than individual items. The product cannot be personalised or unique to the individual due to the production process
140
What is an advantage of mass production?
Advantages of mass production are that it is economically efficient. It reduces labour costs as it is mostly automated and is cheaper to produce more items than individual items. It also has a faster production rate as the production process may include technology to make it automated which can quicken and streamline the process
141
What is a disadvantage of mass production?
Disadvantages of mass production are that it is inflexible to consumer demands as it is difficult to adjust or personalise the items to individuals. It also means that errors with the machinery could cause errors with many items due to how many items are made at a time. They also have a very high set up cost
142
What is an advantage of continuous production?
Advantages of continuous production is that saves time during production as it is usually automated and is streamlined. It does not cost much to run the process and costs the least per unit to produce. Labour costs are almost non-existent as once it is up and running it almost costs nothing to maintain. It produces the most units as it is constantly running
143
What is a disadvantage of continuous production?
disadvantages of continuous production is that customization and personalisation are almost impossible as it is a permanent structure. If there is an error with the machinery it could cause a full shutdown of the entire production line. It would also have an extremely expensive cost when building the structure
144
What influences the quantity of products being produced in JIT production?
The main thing that influences the quantity of the products being produced is the demand of the product from the customers. If a company orders more of a specific item they will produce more to meet the demand, if a company orders less of a certain item they will produce less so that they are not overproducing
145
How does JIT production impact on material stocks?
JIT production has a large impact on material stocks as they will order enough for the desired amount of material rather than stockpiling. If they need to produce more items, they will order more materials. If they need to produce less items, they will order less materials. This is done so they do not end up stockpiling materials
146
What happens to good once they come off the production line during JIT production?
Once the goods come off the production line they will immediately be sent to the consumer. This is so they do not store and stockpile items. This is why it is called "Just in time" production
147
What is an example of a product that would be made using "Just in time" production?
A car (specifically Toyota)
148
What method is used for a product analysis?
CAFEQUE
149
What dose CAFEQUE stand for?
```
C - Cost
A - Aesthetics
F - Function
E - Environment
Q - Quality
U - User
E - Ergonomics
```
150
What are pros and cons of Bioplastics?
Pros:
* Made from a renewable resource
* Biodegradable
Cons:
*Not recyclable
151
What 6 things should you research when designing a product?
* Function
* Safety
* Sustainability
* Aesthetics
* Materials
* Ergonomic and Anthropometrics
