Avain Fertility

Question 1

what farm factors affect fertility

Answer 1

breeder nutrition
breeder health
mating activity
flock age
- there are no hatchery factors

Question 2

how do you calculate fertility

Answer 2

• number of fertile eggs/ number of egg sets X100

Question 3

farm factors that affect hatchability of total set eggs

Answer 3

farm factors:
- fertility
- egg handling and sanitation
- egg storage

Question 4

hatchery factors that affect hatchability of total set eggs

Answer 4

• incubator/hatcher management
• egg handling and sanitation
• egg storage
• chick handling

Question 5

how do you calculate percent hatchability

Answer 5

number hatched/number of egg setX100

Question 6

how do you calculate hatchability of fertile eggs

Answer 6

% of fertile eggs = number hatched/ number of fertile eggs setX100

Question 7

fertility assessment of individual bird

Answer 7

• duration of fertility - numbers of days after a single insemination that still results in a fertile egg
• onset of fertility second day after insemination
• species average duration of fertility
  chicken 10-14 days (max 20)
• turkey 20 days (max 60 )
• ducks and geese ( 10 days )

Question 8

spiking

Answer 8

• the process of placing younger males in the flock about 38-52 weeks
• carried out to reverse declines in fertility due to a reduction in mating activity by over weight or poor conditions in males
• fertility increases after spiking because
• young males mate frequently and old males are encouraged to start mating again
• a minimum of 20% spiking males should be added to the flock
• some flocks will be spiked more than once

Question 9

bird weight and condition for fertility

Answer 9

• proper weight gain in the growing period
• avoid overweight hens

Question 10

health concerns for body weight

Answer 10

• disease
• leg issues
• general stress

Question 11

sperm movement

Answer 11

• motility required for sperm to:
• pass through the shell gland-vaginal junction (about 15 minutes)
• enter sperm storage tubules

Question 12

fertilization

Answer 12

• the sperm penetration of ovum and fusion with the female pronucleus within the germinal disc to initiate embryonic development
• vitelline member
• inner perivitelline layer (IPVL)
• deposited in ovary
• zona pellucida in mammals
• outer perivitelline layer ( OPVL)
• deposited in the infundibulum

Question 13

embryonic development at oviposition

Answer 13

• first cell division starts about 5 hours after fertilization
• at 256 cells 4 hours after entering the shell gland
• embryo contains 30 000 cells at oviposition
• 2 regions present ( inner area pellucida and outer area opaca)

Question 14

diapause

Answer 14

• the period of time between oviposition and incubation (storage)

Question 15

embryonic development during diapause

Answer 15

• little if any development is desirable
  eggs are stored below “physiological 0”
• stored at 10-18C

Question 16

difference between storage of table eggs and hatching eggs

Answer 16

table eggs:
- max 10 degrees
- max 85% humidity
hatching eggs:
- can be stored up to 2 weeks
- 1 week 16-18 degrees
- 2 weeks 10-15 degrees
70-80% humidity
- best hatchability 3-4 days
with the air cell up!

Question 17

incubation period chicken

Answer 17

21d
- incubator 37.5C 55-60% RH d1-18
- hatcher 36-37 71-80% RH d19-21

Question 18

incubation period turkeys

Answer 18

28d

Question 19

incubation period ducks

Answer 19

28d

Question 20

incubation period geese

Answer 20

30d

Question 21

yolk sack membrane

Answer 21

• connected to the embryo midgut
• encases the yolk fully by day 5
• enzymatic capability
• unused yolk absorbed into the hatchlings abdomen

Question 22

amnion

Answer 22

• provides cushion to prevent damage
• eventually consumed by embryo

Question 23

chorion

Answer 23

outer membrane in contact with the inner shell membrane

Question 24

allantois

Answer 24

• forms between the chorion and amnion membranes
• embryonic lungs

Question 25

chorioallantois

Answer 25

- fusion of chorion and allantois - storage of waste products - calcium mobilization

Question 26

embryonic development

Answer 26

1. tissue development 2. small blood vessels apparent 3. posterior part, neural tube, heart formation, cephalic bud 4. allantoic vesicle, posterior limb bud, anterior limb bud, eyeball with lens 5, cephalic bud, eye, lower limbs, upper limbs 6. beak is visible, some voluntary movements apparent 7. beak and egg tooth is visible, some some voluntary movemnts apparent 8. feather tracts apparent 9. mouth opening apparent 10. egg tooth prominent, toe nails appear 11. tail feathers apparent 12. toes formed, feathers apparent 13. scares on legs appear, body covered with feathers 14. embryo turns head towards large end 15. gut is drawn into heay bpdu cavity 16. feathers cover body, albumen mostly used up 17. head tucked betweem legs amnionic fluid disappears 18. embryo is full sized, head is tucked under right wing, yolk sac is outside of body 19. yolk sac is mostly drawn into the body 20. yolk sac within body cavity, internal and external piping, lung respiration apparent 21. chick emerges from shell

Question 27

hatching

Answer 27

- embryo draws yolk sac into body cavity - embryo orientation, head under right wing, lying under air cell - begin pulmonary respiration - pipping - pushes legs to exit shell

Question 28

eggs transferred to the hatchery

Answer 28

- egg placement on side enables chick movement at hatching - egg sanitation - clear eggs can be removed by candling - moving process allows for in ovo vaccination

Question 29

in ovo vaccination

Answer 29

- 18.5 days into incubation - commercially used since 1992 - target is either amnion or embryonic

Question 30

egg candling

Answer 30

- candling is when you shine a light through an egg to detect for development in the embryo

Question 31

clear eggs

Answer 31

infertile

Question 32

blood ring

Answer 32

embryonic mortality