Avian

Question 1

What is a distinctive feature that is exclusive only to birds?

Answer 1

Feathers

Question 2

T/F: Topical alcohol can dramatically change the temperature of a bird

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which direction do you part the feathers for venipuncture?

Answer 3

To the side

Question 4

T/F: Bird skin is very tough and thick

Answer 4

False. Thin and fragile - subject to bruising

Question 5

What is preening?

Answer 5

Method of aligning barbules on the feathers together

Question 6

How might you tell a bird is sick from observing its feathers?

Answer 6

The feathers may be ungroomed

Question 7

What is a blood feather?

Answer 7

A growing, active feather that is highly vascularized and enervated

Question 8

What are two things that can affect feather growth?

Answer 8

Hormones, contaminants

Question 9

What do stress bars on a feather represent?

Answer 9

Stress during the time of development of the feather in that area. Could be nutritional or environmental etc.

Question 10

What bones do the primary feathers attach to?

Answer 10

Carpal bones

Question 11

What bones do the secondary feathers attach to?

Answer 11

Ulna bone

Question 12

Besides flight, what are some functions of feathers?

Answer 12

Insulation, thermoregulation, water proofing, mating and reproduction

Question 13

T/F: Most bone fractures in birds are closed fractures.

Answer 13

False. Open fractures - easier for surgery

Question 14

How many attachments do birds have at their atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 14

One. (also only one occipital condyle)

Question 15

How many times longer is a birds neck than a mammal (on average)?

Answer 15

2.5 times

Question 16

What is the name for the bones of thoracic region on a birds body?

Answer 16

Notarium

Question 17

What bone is commonly broken from flying into windows?

Answer 17

Synsacrum

Question 18

What is the prognosis for a broken synsacrum?

Answer 18

Poor

Question 19

What is another name for the bird sternum and what is its function?

Answer 19

Keel - support respiration

Question 20

What would a score of 3 on the keel look/feel like?

Answer 20

Slightly convex with tissue, not flat or semicircular

Question 21

When evaluating the health of an animal via its keel, what is something you want to look for?

Answer 21

Symmetries

Question 22

What is the bone that attaches cranially to the keel bone, and has the clavicle ventrally attached to it?

Answer 22

The coracoid bone

Question 23

What bone is dorsally attached to the coracoid bone?

Answer 23

The scapula.

Question 24

What is the triosseal canal and what does it do?

Answer 24

It is an opening formed by the scapula, coracoid, and humerus and it is where the supracoracoideus muscle attaches to the humerus

Question 25

T/F: Air sacs channel air into the bones.

Answer 25

True, specifically the pneumatic bones

Question 26

What are some pneumatic bones in the bird?

Answer 26

Humerus, clavicle, pelvis

Question 27

T/F: It is advised to administer fluids in the humerus

Answer 27

False. The humerus is pneumatic

Question 28

Where is one vein to draw blood on the hind leg?

Answer 28

Medial metatarsal vein

Question 29

What bone in the forelimb can you place an intraosseous catheter?

Answer 29

Ulna bone

Question 30

What vein in the forelimb can you draw blood from?

Answer 30

Ulnar vein

Question 31

What are the nostrils of the bird called?

Answer 31

Nares (nair-ees)

Question 32

T/F: The bird's soft palate is caudal to the hard palate.

Answer 32

False, birds do not have soft palates

Question 33

What structure connects a birds oral cavity to the respiratory system?

Answer 33

Choana

Question 34

T/F: Birds have complete tracheal rings

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Where would you find the trachea?

Answer 35

Base of the tongue, can be seen right when you open the mouth

Question 36

Do birds have epiglottises?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

Which jugular vein is bigger, right or left?

Answer 37

Left

Question 38

What structure is located right at the bifurcation of the trachea?

Answer 38

The syrinx

Question 39

What is another term for tertiary bronchus?

Answer 39

Parabronchi

Question 40

T/F: Bird lungs are rigid and inelastic compared to mammal lungs

Answer 40

True

Question 41

How many air sacs to birds have in total?

Answer 41

9. 4 pairs and 1 intraclavicular

Question 42

The flow of air through a bird lung is undirectional or bidirectional?

Answer 42

Unidirectional

Question 43

Do birds have diaphragms?

Answer 43

No

Question 44

What moves to generate the mechanical force of inspiration and expiration?

Answer 44

The sternum and ribs

Question 45

During inspiration, where does the air go first, before hitting the lungs?

Answer 45

The posterior air sacs

Question 46

What do you want to avoid blocking with a gas mask for a bird?

Answer 46

It's nares

Question 47

What are the most important pre-anesthetic considerations for birds?

Answer 47

Fasting and analgesics

Question 48

What are the steps of isoflurane levels when anesthetizing a bird through mask induction?

Answer 48

Start at 5% iso then gradually reduce the concentration

Question 49

T/F: Do not inflate the cuff on the ETT

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What can happen is the ETT is too tight for the birds trachea?

Answer 50

Pressure necrosis

Question 51

What may happen if you place your ETT too far into the trachea?

Answer 51

Vagal stimulation

Question 52

How can you secure an ETT once placed?

Answer 52

Tape it to the lower mandible

Question 53

How many times do you want to apply IPPV to an anesthetized bird?

Answer 53

2-4 times per minute

Question 54

T/F: Even if the bird is breathing normally during anesthesia, you want to perform IPPV

Answer 54

True

Question 55

What position should the bird be when recovering from anesthesia?

Answer 55

Upright

Question 56

What medication can prolong the recovery of birds and is contraindicated?

Answer 56

Butorphanol

Question 57

What air sac do you usually approach for an air sac canulation?

Answer 57

The posterior air sacs

Question 58

What sense do birds rely on the most?

Answer 58

Their sight

Question 59

What are some shapes of the eye that birds have?

Answer 59

Flat, globular, tubular

Question 60

Which eyelid, upper or lower, has most mobility?

Answer 60

Lower

Question 61

T/F: Birds do not have a 3rd eyelid

Answer 61

False

Question 62

What does it mean if the 3rd eyelid reflex is absent during anesthesia and what should you do?

Answer 62

It means the bird is too deep. Turn down the anesthetic!

Question 63

Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty out to?

Answer 63

Nasal cavity dorsal to the choanal cleft

Question 64

T/F: Birds have bones in their eyes

Answer 64

True. Scleral ossicles

Question 65

What type of muscles are present in the bird eye?

Answer 65

Skeletal

Question 66

Does atropine work as a mydriatic for birds?

Answer 66

No, since the muscles are skeletal

Question 67

Since the bird retina is avascular, what provides nutrients to the tissue?

Answer 67

Pecten

Question 68

What is the area in the birds retina that has the greatest visual activity?

Answer 68

Fovea

Question 69

T/F: Birds do not have indirect PLRs

Answer 69

True

Question 70

What do slit lamps check for?

Answer 70

Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber

Question 71

What is the name for neutrophils in birds?

Answer 71

Heterophils

Question 72

T/F: The way to count RBCs is to use an automatic cell counter

Answer 72

False, use a hemocytometer

Question 73

How do you count WBCs on a slide?

Answer 73

40x objective, count # WBCs in 10 fields, find average, x 200 = WBC/uL

Question 74

What test do you run to check for liver values?

Answer 74

Bile acids

Question 75

T/F: Papillae in the upper inside beak is a sign of hypervitaminosis A

Answer 75

False. Papillae are normal, but lack of means a issue with vitamin A

Question 76

What side is the crop?

Answer 76

RIGHT SIDE!

Question 77

What is the outside of the cloaca called?

Answer 77

The vent

Question 78

Which lymph nodes can you palpate on a bird?

Answer 78

None, you can't palpate lymph nodes on birds

Question 79

Why do you want to avoid injecting meds into the lower limbs?

Answer 79

The renal portal system will uptake those drugs and filter them. Not good

Question 80

What side is the ovary on?

Answer 80

Left. Right Regresses

Question 81

What % of body weight is the total blood volume of a bird?

Answer 81

10%

Question 82

What % of blood volume can be safely sampled from a bird?

Answer 82

10%

Question 83

T/F: 1 mL/100 is the rule to use for blood draw in birds

Answer 83

True

Question 84

What should normal bird feces look like?

Answer 84

Brown fecal portion with white urates, also a transparent urine portion (aqeous)

Question 85

You see a bird ballooning from its body, is this a puncture wound with a air sac hernia?

Answer 85

No, air sac is popped and air ballooned the skin

Question 86

What is the most common cause of a ruptured air sac?

Answer 86

Cats

Question 87

What is the most commonly associated bacteria with a ruptured air sac?

Answer 87

Pasturella

Question 88

Why is a bruise on a cat green?

Answer 88

The biliverdin (green) does not get converted to bilirubin

Question 89

How can you tell right from left on a radiograph?

Answer 89

The stomach is always on the left

Question 90

How can you treat sour crop?

Answer 90

If solid, can remove with forceps without anesthesia If liquified, must anesthetize and flush & drain

Question 91

What is the maintenance amount for birds?

Answer 91

50 mL/kg/day

Question 92

For how many days do you want to stretch the administration of fluids to treat dehydration deficit?

Answer 92

3 days

Question 93

You see a lot of white spots on the bird liver, what is a top diagnosis?

Answer 93

Mycobacteriosis

Question 94

When handling the bird, what do you not want to restrict movement of?

Answer 94

The keel and ribs for breathing

Question 95

How do you treat chemokoptes mange?

Answer 95

Ivermectin PO or SQ

Question 96

What is the etiology of proventricular dilation disease of birds?

Answer 96

Avian borna virus

Question 97

You see a yellow mass obstruction inside the birds body cavity, what can be the cause?

Answer 97

Aspergillosis

Question 98

T/F: Pox virus is deadly but not contagious

Answer 98

False

Question 99

What is the condition for birds where their diet in high carbohydrates leads to muscle outgrowth and bone disfiguration?

Answer 99

Angel wing

Question 100

T/F; Avian abscesses are usually soft

Answer 100

False

Question 101

What is the disease called for 'beak rot'?

Answer 101

Psittacine beak and feather disease

Question 102

Is it normal to see a bird spleen on radiographs?

Answer 102

No, it means something is wrong

Question 103

What is a reportable disease that causes respiratory and GI signs?

Answer 103

Chlamydophila psittaci

Question 104

How can you diagnose chlamydophila psittaci?

Answer 104

PCR, serology, culture

Question 105

How do you treat chlamydophila psittaci?

Answer 105

Antibiotics (45 days minimum), injectable food

Question 106

What is the diseases where uric acid crystalizes and and deposits throughout the body?

Answer 106

Gout