Awareness of screening programmes and primary care initiatives Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is population screening
the process of identifying people who appear healthy but may be at increased risk of a disease or condition so that ‘early treatment can be offered or information given to help them make informed decisions’
Healthcare screening (2)
- Illness
- Been on the receiving end of screening
What are the international differences in screening (2)
- Cultural and political differences, in other countries-not always evidence-based
- Variation in how health services are delivered and funded
What are the people we are testing (3)
- Healthy
- Well
- Symptom-free
What is the purpose of screening (2)
- Reducing risk
- Improving outcomes
What are the benefits of screening (5)
- Screening can detect a problem early before you have any symptoms
- Finding out about a problem early can mean that treatment is more effective
- Finding out you have a health problem or are at increased risk of a health problem can help people make better-informed decisions about their health
- Screening can reduce the risk of developing a condition or its complications
- Screening can save lives
How is screening a programme (2)
- Not just a test e.g. mammogram (breast x-ray)
- A sequence of events – e.g. a well woman aged 65 having a routine mammogram
What are the stages of a generic screening pathway (7)
- Identify the people to invite
- Discuss and offer screening
- Carry out Test
- Provide and discuss results/options
- Carry out diagnostic/confirmatory test if required
- Provide and discuss results/options
- Offer Advice/treatment
What is the screening process (4)
- People invited undergo screening test
- ‘low risk’ people walk away
- ‘high risk’ people undergo further tests
- Following further tests ‘high-risk’ people receive advice and support, treatment or no further action
What are screening disadvantages (4)
- Not 100% accurate
- False negative/positives
- Not diagnostic (tells high or low risk)
- Lead to difficult decisions
What is the female Lifetime Screening Pathway (4)
- 12 years old - screening for diabetic retinopathy (in patients with diabetes) - once every 2 years
- 25 years old - cervical screening, testing for HPV (SMEAR test) - 24.5 to 49 years old receive every 3 years, 50 to 64 years old receive every 5 years
- 50-53 years old - breast screening (mammogram) - every 3 years till 71st birthday
- 60 years old - bowel cancer screening (FIT kit testing bowels for blood) - every 2 years until 75th birthday
What is the prevalence of a screening test
the proportion of people with the target condition at a point in time
What is the sensitivity of a screening test
the screen’s ability to find people who have the target condition
What is the specificity of a screening test
the screen’s ability to exclude people who do not have the target condition
What is a true positive result of a screening test
someone with a positive screening result who does have the target condition
What is a false positive result of a screening test
someone with a positive screening result who does not have the target condition
What is a true negative result of a screening test
someone with a negative screening result who does not have the target condition
What is a false negative result of a screening test
someone with a negative screening result who does have the target condition
What are screening limitations (5)
- Screening does not guarantee protection
- Low risk result does not prevent the person from developing the condition at a later date
- False positive and false negative results
- False positive: wrongly reported as having the condition
- False negative: wrongly reported as not having the condition
What is the UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) (2)
- Independent expert group
- Advises the NHS in all four countries on which screening programmes to offer
What is Abdominal aortic aneurysm screening (3)
- Offered to men in their 65th year to detect abdominal aortic aneurysms
- a dangerous swelling in the aorta
- Men over 65 can self-refer.
How is screening in pregnancy done (3)
- Screening for infectious diseases (hepatitis B, HIV and syphilis)
- NHS Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme (screening for Down’s syndrome, patau’s syndrome and Edwards’ syndrome & 9 serious physical conditions like anencephaly)
- Screening for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia
What is screening for newborn babies (3)
- a physical examination, which includes the eyes, heart, hips and testes
- a hearing test
- a blood spot test to check if the baby has any of 9 rare conditions
What is the diabetic eye screening (2)
- From the age of 12
- all people with diabetes are offered an annual diabetic eye test to check for early signs of diabetic retinopathy
