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Nephrology > Awesome Review > Flashcards

Awesome Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of AGMA causes nephrolithiasis?

A

Ethylene Gycol making glycolic acid; calcium phosphate kidney stones
Tx- Fomepizole

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2
Q

Which type of AGMA can cause blindness and papilledema?

A

Methanol from too much formic acid

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3
Q

If osmolol gap is greater than 20?

What if osmolol gap is greater than 50?

A

Give Fomepizole

Hemodialysis

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4
Q

Tx Type 2 RTA

A

Thiazides and alkali depletion
Problem with proximal CT, can’t reabsorb bicarbonate or NaCl

Looks like Fanconi Syndrome

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5
Q

Tx Type 1 RTA

A

Give potassium citrate

Distal CT can’t acidfy urine, urine pH > 6 and hypocitaturia

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6
Q

Features of type 4 RTA

A

Aldosterone deficiency or resistance causing hyperkalemia

Tx- try fludrocortisone

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7
Q

Features of Barter’s syndrome

A

Like loop diuretic
Hypokalemia, low BP, urine Cl > 15

Tx- inhibit prostaglandin production with indomethacin and ibuprofen

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8
Q

Features of Gitelman syndrome

A

Like thiazides
Problem with DCT sodium receptor
Hypokalemia, low BP, urine Cl > 15
Uric acid

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9
Q

Salicylate overdose causes…?

A

Respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

Features of Liddles Syndrome

A

Increased transport defect in distal tubule causing hyperaldosteronism
High BP

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11
Q

If you see hyponatremia and urine sodium

A

Hepatorenal syndrome

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12
Q

Lab findings in SIADH

A

Low serum sodium
High urine sodium
High urine osmolarity

Tx: demeclocycline or tolvaptan
(Demeclocycline in CI in liver cirrhosis)

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13
Q

How to fix it when you overcorrect hyponatremia?

A

Desmopressin with Dextrose 5%

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14
Q

When to give calcium gluconate in hyperkalemia?

A

Flattened P waves or wide QRS

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15
Q

Best test to measure microalbuminuria

A

spot urine protein/urine creatinine ratio, if >0.3

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16
Q

List 5 causes of papillary necrosis

A 
Analgesics
Sickle cell trait 
Sickle cell disease
DM
Pyelonephritis 
Obstruction
TB
Chronic EtOH
RV thrombosis
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17
Q

Treat ADPKD-

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Tolvaptan (also used to treat SIADH)

Associated with Hepatic Cysts and Berry Aneurysms and mitral Valve Prolapse and elevated hematocrit

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18
Q

Fatty Oval Bodies associated with

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

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19
Q

Light Microscopy Finding of

Focal Segmental

A

Sclerosis in some parts of some glomeruli

Focal/segmental

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20
Q

Etiology of

Focal Segmental

A

Obese Black patient with HIV and Sickle Disease using Heroin

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21
Q

Electron Microscopy Finding of

Membranous

A

Subepithelial deposits

LM- thickened capillary loops

22
Q

Etiology of Membranous

A

Hep B, Hep C, Syphillis, Solid Tumor, Lymphoma, malaria, NSAIDs, SLE, ACE-I, Gold, Pencillamine

23
Q

Etiology of Minimal Change Disease

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, thymoma, leukemia, NSAIDs, Lithium

24
Q

Electron Microscopy of Minimal Change

A

Effacement of Epithelial Foot Processes

25
Q

Etiology of MembranoProliferative

A

Hep B, Hep C, SLE, Cryoglubinemia, SBE, monoclonal gammopathy

26
Q

Which nephrotic syndrome has low Complement levels?

A

MembranoProliferative

27
Q

Treatment for Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Steroids

Then consider cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate,rituximab

28
Q

IM finding of Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

A

Linear IgG deposition along glomerular basement membrane

29
Q

Treatment of Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis

Hint- Goodpastures

A

Plasmapheresis to remove the antibody

Cyclophosamide and steroids

30
Q

Biopsy finding of IgA nephropathy

A

Mesangial Proliferation

31
Q

Treatment of IgA Nephropathy

A

Fish Oil with omega 3 Fatty Acid

32
Q

Lab findings with
Infection Related GN
(Hint- complement)

A

Low C3
Low CH50
Normal C4

33
Q

Lab Findings in pre-renal Azotemia

A

BUN:Cr >20:1
Urine Osm >500
Urine Na

34
Q

Anemia goal in CKD

Hgb, ferritin, transferrin sat

A

Hgb -10
Transferrin sat >30%
Ferritin >500

35
Q

Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis

A

1.5 (HCO3) + 8

36
Q

Compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis

A

40 + 0.7(change in HCO3)

37
Q

Compensation for Respiratory Acidosis

A

Acute- increase by 1 for 10 mmHg in PCO2

Chronic- increase by 3.5 for 10 mmHg in PCO2

38
Q

Compensation for Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Acute: decrease in 2 for 10 mmHg decrease in PCO2
Chronic: decrease in 5 for 10 mmHg decrease in PCO2

39
Q

Serum Complement levels decreased in which nephritic syndrome?

A

Post Streptococcal GN
MembranoProliferative
(SLE, SBE, Cryoglobulinemia)
Atheroembolism (livedo reticularis/blue toe syndrome, eosinophilia, eosinophiluria)

40
Q

Name 5 causes of Acute Tubular Necrosis

A 
Aminoglycosides
Amphotericin B
Cyclosporine 
Tumor Lysis
Rhabdo
Atheroembolism 
Ethylene glycol
Calcium oxalate crystals
Contrast
41
Q

5 cause (Meds) of Acute Tubulointersitial Nephritis

A 
Beta Lactam
PCN
Sulfa
Phenytoin
Quinolone
Mesalamine
NSAIDs
PPI
42
Q

Which macrolide causes AKI?

A

Clarithomycin

43
Q

Difference btwn Rhabdo and Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A

Heme dipstick is positive in Rhabdo

Both have increased CPK
Increased Uric acid 
Increased Potassium 
Low calcium 
Increased phosphate
44
Q

Treatment of Uric Acid Stones

A

Adequate urine output of 2 liters in 24 hours
Alkalinize urine (potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate)
Allopurinol only if hyperuricososuria

45
Q

Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease have high risk of … What?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

46
Q

Which VEGF causes Thrombotic Microangiography?

A

Bevacizumab and Sunitinib

47
Q

Orliastat causes which type of nephrolithiasis?

A

Calcium Oxalate due to hyperoxaluria

Bonds intestinal calcium so more oxalate is absorbed intestinally and more peed out (enteric hyperoxaluria)

48
Q

Post transplant kidney patients have higher risk of which cancer?

A

Squamous cell cancer (skin)

49
Q

Pneumococcal vaccine administration in CKD

A 
23 valent 
1 year  
13 valent 
5 years 
23 valent
50
Q

Treatment for calcium Oxalate stones

A

Avoid oral oxalate
Calcium carbonate/calcium citrate to bind intestinal oxalate
Cholestyramine to bind oxalate as bile salts

(Pyridoxine only for rare primary hyperoxaluria)

Nephrology (1 decks)

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