AWL EXL Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
Frequency
A
Word & Definition
2
Q
analyse v.
A
separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure
3
Q
approach v.
A
come near or nearer to in space or time
4
Q
area n.
A
extent or measurement of a surface
5
Q
assess v. ~
A
sth decide or fix the amount of sth
6
Q
assume v.
A
accept as true before there is proof
7
Q
authority n.
A
power to give orders and make others obey
8
Q
available adj.
A
that can be used or obtained
9
Q
benefit n.
A
profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)
10
Q
concept n. ~
A
idea underlying sth; general notion
11
Q
consist v. (phr v)
A
consist of sth be composed or made up of sth
12
Q
constitute v. (fml )
A
make up or form (a whole); be the components of
13
Q
1
A
context writings preceding and following passage quoted
14
Q
contract n. ~
A
(for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writing
15
Q
create v.
A
cause to exist; make (sth new or original)
16
Q
data n.
A
facts or information used in deciding or discussing sth
17
Q
define v.
A
~ sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)
18
Q
derive v.
A
~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth
19
Q
distribute v.
A
~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing
20
Q
economy n.
A
avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc)
21
Q
environment n
A
. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people’s lives
22
Q
establish v.
A
set up on a firm or permanent basis
23
Q
estimate n
A
judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth
24
Q
evident adj
A
. ~ (that…) obvious (to the eye or mind); clear
25
export n.
exporting
26
factor n.
fact, circumstance, etc that helps to produce a result
27
finance n.
management of money
28
1
formula n. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made of
29
1
function n. special activity or purpose of a person or thing
30
1
identify v. ~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who or what sb/sth is; recognize sb/sth (as being the specified person or thing)
31
1
individual adj. single; separate
32
1
interpret v. explain (sth which is not easily understandable)
33
1
involve v. make necessary as a condition or result; entail
34
1
issue n. outgoing; outflow
35
1
labour n. physicalor mental work
36
1
legal adj. of or based on the law
37
1
legislate v. ~ make laws
38
1
major adj. important; great(er)
39
1
method n. way
40
1
occur v. come into being as an event or a process; happen
41
1
percent
42
1
period n. length or portion of time
43
1
policy n. ~ plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, political party, business, etc
44
1
principle n. basic general truth that underlies sth
45
1
proceed v. ~ (to sth) go to a further or the next stage; go on
46
1
process n. series of actions or operations performed in order to do, make or achieve sth
47
1
require v. depend on (sb/sth) for success, fulfilment, etc; need
48
1
research n. ~ (on sb) careful study or investigation, esp in order to discover new facts or information
49
1
respond v. ~ (with sth) give a verbal or written answer
50
1
role n. actor's part in a play
51
1
section n. any of the parts into which sth may be or has been divided
52
1
sector n. part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the centre to the circumference .
53
1
significant adj. having a meaning, esp one that is immediately obvious
54
1
similar adj. ~ resembling sb/sth but not the same; alike
55
1
source n. starting-point of a river
56
1
specific adj. detailed, precise and exact
57
1
structure n. way in which sth is put together, organized, built, etc
58
1
theory n. set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts or events
59
1
vary v. ~ (in sth) be different in size, volume, strength, etc
60
2
achieve v. gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc
61
2
acquire v. gain (sth) by one's own ability, efforts or behaviour
62
2
administrate v. to administer
63
2
affect v. have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect on
64
2
appropriate adj. ~ suitable; right and proper
65
2
aspect n. particular part or feature of sth being considered
66
2
assist v. ~ in/with sth; ~ (sb) in doing sth (fml ) help
67
2
chapter n. (usu numbered) division of a book
68
2
commission n. ~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to do
69
2
community n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole
70
2
complex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected parts
71
2
compute v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computer
72
2
conclude v. ~ (with sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end
73
2
conduct n. person's behaviour
74
2
consequent adj. ~ (fml ) following sth as a result or an effect
75
2
construct v. build (sth); put or fit together; form
76
2
consume v. use (sth) up
77
2
credit n. permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received; system of paying in this way
78
2
culture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc
79
2
design n. ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made
80
2
distinct adj. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite
81
2
element n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of sth
82
2
equate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else)
83
2
evaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of (sb/sth); assess
84
2
feature n. one of the named parts of the face (eg nose, mouth, eyes) which together form its appearance
85
2
final adj. of the end; coming last
86
2
focus n. =>Usage at data data. point at which rays (of light, sound, etc) meet or from which they appear to come
87
2
impact n. hitting of one object against another
88
2
injure v. hurt (sb); harm
89
2
institute n. society or organization for a special (usu social, professional or educational) purpose
90
2
invest v. ~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property, etc, in order to earn interest or bring profit
91
2
item n. single article or unit in a list, etc
92
2
journal n. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject
93
2
maintain v. ~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at the same level, standard, etc
94
2
normal adj. in accordance with what is typical, usual or regular
95
2
obtain v. ~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying, borrowing, taking, etc)
96
2
participate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity)
97
2
perceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observe
98
2
positive adj. with no possibility of doubt; clear and definite
99
2
potential adj. that can or may come into existence; possible
100
2
previous adj. coming before in time or order
101
2
primary adj. earliest in time or order of development
102
2
purchase n. (action of) buying sth
103
2
range n. connected line or row of mountains, hills, etc
104
2
region n. part of a surface or bodyor space with or without definite boundaries or characteristicfeatures
105
2
regulate v. control or direct by means of rules and restrictions
106
2
relevant adj. ~ (to sth/sb)connected with what is being discussed, what is happening,what is being done, etc
107
2
reside v. ~ (in/at...) have one's home (in a certain place); live
108
2
resource n. supply of raw materials, etc which bring a country, person, etc wealth
109
2
restrict v. ~ sb/sth (to sth) put a limit on sb/sth
110
2
secure adj. ~ not feeling worry, doubt, etc
111
2
seek v. ~ (after/for sth) look (for sth); try to find or obtain (sth)
112
2
select v. ~ sb/sth choose sb/sth, esp as being the best or most suitable
113
2
site n. place where a building, town, etc was, is, or will be situated
114
2
strategy n. planning and directing an operation in a war or campaign
115
2
survey v. look carefully at all of (sth/sb), esp from a distance
116
2
text n. main written or printed part of a book or page
117
2
tradition n. passing of beliefs or customs from one generation to the next, esp without writing
118
2
transfer v. ~ sth/sb (from...) (to...) move sth/sb from one place to another
119
3
alter v. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc
120
3
circumstance n. condition or fact connected with an event or action
121
3
comment n. ~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc)
122
3
compensate v. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury, etc;
123
3
component n. any of the parts of which sth is made
124
3
consent v. ~ give agreement or permission
125
3
considerable adj. great in amount or size
126
3
constant adj. going on all the time; happening again and again
127
3
constrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by force
128
3
contribute v. ~ (to/towards sth) give one's share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint cause
129
3
convene v. summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)
130
3
coordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operation
131
3
correspond v. ~ be in agreement; not contradict sth or each other
132
3
criteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judged
133
3
deduce v. ~ sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infer sth
134
3
demonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence
135
3
document n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth
136
3
dominate v. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)
137
3
emphasis n. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to show importance
138
3
ensure v. make sure; guarantee
139
3
exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out
140
3
framework n. structure giving shape and support
141
3
fund n. sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
142
3
illustrate v. supply with pictures, diagrams, etc
143
3
immigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live there permanently
144
3
imply v. suggest (sth) indirectly rather than state it directly; hint
145
3
initial adj. of or at the beginning; first
146
3
instance n. ~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example; case
147
3
interact v. ~ act or have an effect on each other
148
3
justify v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or just
149
3
layer n. thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division
150
3
link n. one ring or loop of a chain
151
3
locate v. discover the exact position or place of
152
3
maximise [ maximize: ] vt. to make as high or great as possible; increase to a maximum
153
3
minor adj. smaller, less serious, less important, etc
154
3
negate v. deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth)
155
3
outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc)
156
3
partner n. person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp one of several owners of a business
157
3
philosophy n. search for knowledge and understanding of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life
158
3
physical adj. of or concerning material things
159
3
proportion n. comparative part or share of a whole; fraction
160
3
publish v. prepare, have printed and distribute to the public (a book, periodical, etc)
161
3
react v. ~ behave differently or change as a result of sth; respond
162
3
register n. official list or record of names, items, attendances, etc
163
3
rely v. (pt, pp relied) ~ on/upon sb/sth (to do sth) count or depend on sb/sth
164
3
remove v. ~ sth/sb (from sth) take sth/sb away from one place to another
165
3
scheme n. ~ plan for doing or organizing sth
166
3
sequence n. set of events, numbers, actions, etc with each following the one before continuously or in a particular order
167
3
sex n. condition of being male or female; gender
168
3
shift v. ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (from.../to...); ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (about/around) (cause sth/sb/oneself to) change or move from one position or direction to another [/]
169
3
specify v. (esp fml ) state or name clearly and definitely (details, materials, etc)
170
3
sufficient adj. ~ enough
171
3
task n. piece of work that has to be done
172
3
technical adj. of or involving the mechanical arts and applied sciences
173
3
technique n. method of doing or performing sth, esp in the arts or sciences
174
3
technology n. scientificstudy and use of mechanical arts and applied sciences, eg engineering
175
3
valid adj. legally effective because made or done with the correct formalities
176
3
volume n. book, esp one of a matching set or a series
177
4
access n. ~ means of approaching or entering (a place); way in
178
4
adequate adj. ~ satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient
179
4
annual adj. happening every year
180
4
apparent adj. clearly seen or understood; obvious
181
4
approximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely so
182
4
attitude n. ~ way of thinking or behaving
183
4
attribute v. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sth
184
4
civil adj. of or relating to the citizens of a country
185
4
code n. (system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information briefly
186
4
commit v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish)
187
4
communicate v. ~ sth make sth known; convey sth
188
4
concentrate v. ~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking about other less important things
189
4
confer v. ~ (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)
190
4
contrast v. ~ A and/with B compare so that differences are made clear
191
4
cycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order
192
4
debate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote
193
4
despite prep without being affected by
194
4
dimension n. measurement of any sort
195
4
domestic adj. of the home, household or family
196
4
emerge v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc)
197
4
error n. thing done wrongly; mistake
198
4
ethnic adj. of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural tradition
199
4
goal n. (in football, hockey, etc) pair of posts with a crossbar, between which the ball has to be kicked, hit, etc in order to score
200
4
grant v. agree to give or allow (what is asked for)
201
4
hence adv. from this time
202
4
hypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigation
203
4
implement n. tool or instrument
204
4
implicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crime
205
4
impose v. ~ sth place (a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb/sth
206
4
integrate v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ A and B/~ A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth else
207
4
internal adj. of or on the inside
208
4
investigate v. find out and examine in order to obtain the truth
209
4
job n. the patience of job
210
4
label n. piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc
211
4
mechanism n. working parts of a machine, etc
212
4
obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clear
213
4
occupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)
214
4
option n. power or freedom of choosing; choice
215
4
output n. quantity of goods, etc produced
216
4
overall adj. including everything; total
217
4
parallel adj. (of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every point
218
4
parameter n. quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases
219
4
phase n. stage in a process of change or development
220
4
predict v. say in advance that will happen; forecast
221
4
principal adj. first in rank or importance; chief; main
222
4
prior adj. coming before in time, order or importance
223
4
professional adj. of or belonging to a profession
224
4
project n. scheme or undertaking
225
4
promote to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER
226
4
regime n. method or system of government
227
4
resolve v. ~ on/upon/against sth/doing sth decide firmly; determine
228
4
retain v. keep (sth) in one's possession or use
229
4
series n. number of things, events, etc of a similar kind, esp. placed or occurring one after another
230
4
statistic n. item of information expressed in numbers
231
4
status n. person's social, legal or professional position or rank in relation to others
232
4
stress n. mental or physical distress, difficult circumstances, etc
233
4
subsequent adj. later; following
234
4
sum n. arithmetical calculation
235
4
summary n. brief statement of themain points of sth
236
4
undertake v. (fml ) (start to) make oneself responsible for (sth)
237
5
academy n. school for special training
238
5
adjust v. put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrange
239
5
alternative adj. available in place of sth else; other
240
5
amend v. correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in; change slightly
241
5
aware adj. ~ of sb/sth; ~ that... having knowledge or realization of sb/sth
242
5
capacity n. ability to hold or contain sth
243
5
challenge n. ~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etc
244
5
clause n. group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence
245
5
compound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together
246
5
conflict n. struggle; fight
247
5
consult v. ~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etc
248
5
contact n. ~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)
249
5
decline v. say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politely
250
5
discrete adj. separate; distinct
251
5
draft n. rough preliminary written version of sth
252
5
enable v. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or means
253
5
energy n. ability to act or work with strength and eagerness
254
5
enforce v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effective
255
5
entity n. thing with distinct and real existence
256
5
equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc
257
5
evolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually
258
5
expand v. ~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance
259
5
expose v. uncover or make (sth) visible; display
260
5
external adj. outside; situated on the outside of sth (esp the body)
261
5
facilitate v. (of an object, a process, etc but not of a person) make (sth) easy or less difficult
262
5
fundamental adj. of or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essential
263
5
generate v. cause to exist or occur; produce
264
5
generation n. production
265
5
image n. copy of the shape of a person or thing, esp one made in stone or wood; statue
266
5
liberal adj. tolerant and open-minded; free from prejudice
267
5
licence n. official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth
268
5
logic n. science of reasoning
269
5
margin n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a page
270
5
medical adj. of the art of medicine; of curing disease
271
5
mental adj. of, in or to the mind
272
5
modify v. change (sth) slightly, esp to make it less extreme or to improve it
273
5
monitor n. device used to observe, record or test sth
274
5
network n. complex system of roads, etc crossingeach other
275
5
notion n. ~ idea or belief; concept
276
5
objective adj. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased; fair
277
5
orient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China)
278
5
perspective n. art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth and position in relation to each other
279
5
precise adj. stated clearly andaccurately
280
5
prime adj. most important; chief; fundamental
281
5
psychology n. science or study of the mind and how it functions
282
5
pursue v. follow (sb/sth), esp in order to catch or kill; chase ,
283
5
ratio n. relation between two amounts determined by the number of times one contains the other
284
5
reject v. refuse to accept
285
5
revenue n. income, esp the total annual income of the State from taxes, etc
286
5
stable adj. firmly established or fixed; not likely to move or change
287
5
style n. manner of writing or speaking, esp contrasted with what is actually written or said
288
5
substitute n. ~ person or thing that replaces, acts for or serves as sb or sth else
289
5
sustain v. bear (weight) without breaking or falling
290
5
symbol n. ~ image, object, etc that suggests or refers to sth else; emblem
291
5
target n. object or mark that a person tries to hit in shooting, etc; disc marked with concentric circles for this purpose in archery ; .
292
5
transit n. process of going or being taken or transported from one place to another
293
5
trend n. general tendency or direction
294
5
version n. account of an event, etc from the point of view of one person
295
5
welfare n. good health, happiness, prosperity, etc of a person or group
296
5
whereas conj taking into consideration the fact that ...
297
6
abstract adj. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence
298
6
accurate adj. free from error
299
6
acknowledge v. accept the truth of admit (sth)
300
6
aggregate v. ~ sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount
301
6
allocate v. ~ sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purpose
302
6
assign v. ~ sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be used
303
6
attach v. ~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth)
304
6
author n. writer of a book, play, etc
305
6
bond n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenant
306
6
brief adj. lasting only a short time; short
307
6
capable adj. having ability; able; competent
308
6
cite quote; commend
309
6
cooperate to work or act together
310
6
discriminate v. ~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things)
311
6
display v. ~ sth put sth on show
312
6
diverse adj. of different kinds; varied
313
6
domain n. lands owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etc
314
6
edit v. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazine
315
6
enhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better
316
6
estate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one owner
317
6
exceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity)
318
6
expert n. ~ person with special knowledge, skill or training in a particular field
319
6
explicit adj. (of a statement, etc) clearly and fully expressed
320
6
federal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional government
321
6
fee n. (usu pl ) amount paid for professional advice or service, eg to private teachers, doctors, etc
322
6
flexible adj. that can bend easily without breaking
323
6
furthermore adv. in addition; moreover ;
324
6
gender n. (in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or feminine
325
6
ignorant adj. ~ (of sth)knowing little or nothing; lacking education or information; unaware
326
6
incentive n. ~ thing that encourages sb to do sth; stimulus
327
6
incidence n. ~ of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effect
328
6
incorporate v. ~ sth (in/into sth) make sth part of a whole; include
329
6
index n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usu arranged at the end in alphabetical order
330
6
inhibit v. ~ sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to do
331
6
initiate v. put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause (sth) to begin
332
6
input n. ~ action of putting sth in
333
6
instruct to direct to do something; order
334
6
intelligence n. power of learning, understanding and reasoning; mental ability
335
6
interval n. ~ time between two events
336
6
lecture n. ~ (on sth) talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class, often as part of a teaching programme
337
6
migrate v. ~ (to...) move from one place to go to live or work in another
338
6
minimum n. least or smallest amount, degree, etc possible
339
6
ministry n. (buildings containing a) government department
340
6
motive n. ~ that which causes sb to act in a particular way; reason
341
6
neutral adj. not supporting or helping either side in a dispute, contest,war, etc; impartial
342
6
nevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; still
343
6
overseas adj. across the sea; foreign
344
6
precede v. come or go before in time, order, rank, etc
345
6
presume v. suppose to be true; take (sth) for granted
346
6
rational adj. able to reason
347
6
recover v. ~ sth find again (sth stolen, lost, etc); regain possession of sth
348
6
reveal v. ~ sth make (facts, etc) known
349
6
scope n. ~ opportunity to do or achieve sth
350
6
subsidy n. money paid, esp by a government, to help an industry, to support the arts, to keep prices down, etc
351
6
tape n. narrow strip of material used for tying, fastening or labelling things
352
6
trace n. mark, track, sign, etc showing what has existed or happened
353
6
transform v. ~ sth/sb (into sth) completely change the appearance or character of sth/sb
354
6
transport v. ~ sth/sb (to...) take sth/sb from one place to another in a vehicle
355
6
underlie v. lie or exist beneath (sth)
356
6
utilise vt. (=utilize) to put to use, especially to find a profitable or practical use for
357
7
adapt v. ~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth
358
7
adult adj. grown to full size or strength
359
7
advocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; support
360
7
aid n. help
361
7
channel n. sunken bed of a river, stream or canal
362
7
chemical adj. of or relating to chemistry
363
7
classic adj. having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importance
364
7
comprehensive adj. that includes everything
365
7
comprise v. have as parts or members; be made up of
366
7
confirm v. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth of
367
7
contrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or direction
368
7
convert v. ~ (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from one form or use to another
369
7
couple n. two people or things that are seen together or associated, esp a man and woman together
370
7
decade n. period of ten years
371
7
definite adj. clear; not doubtful
372
7
deny v. say that (sth) is not true
373
7
differentiate v. ~ between A and B; ~ A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different; show sth to be different (from sth else)
374
7
dispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange
375
7
dynamic adj. of power or forces that produce movement
376
7
eliminate v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)
377
7
empirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theory
378
7
equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose)
379
7
extract v. ~ sth take or get sth out, usu with effort or by force
380
7
file n. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substances
381
7
finite adj. having bounds; limited; not infinite
382
7
foundation n. act of founding
383
7
globe n. small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries, rivers, cities, etc
384
7
grade n. step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level of classification
385
7
guarantee n. ~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilled
386
7
hierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest
387
7
identical adj. the ~ the same
388
7
ideology n. ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a particular group or person
389
7
infer v. ~ sth (from sth) reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth
390
7
innovate v. make changes; introduce new things
391
7
insert v. ~ sth put, fit, place sth into sth or between two things
392
7
intervene v. (of time) come or be between
393
7
isolate v. ~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth ;
394
7
media n. mass means of communication, eg TV, radio, newspapers
395
7
mode n. ~ (fml ) way or manner in which sth is done
396
7
paradigm n. set of all the different forms of a word
397
7
phenomenon n. fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses
398
7
priority n. ~ (state of) being more important (in rank)
399
7
prohibit v. ~ sth/sb (from doing sth) forbid sth or sb from doing sth esp by laws, rules or regulations
400
7
publication n. action of making a book or periodical, available to the public
401
7
quote v. ~ (from sb/sth) repeat in speech or writing (words previously said or written by another person)
402
7
release v. ~ sb/sth (from sth) allow (a person or an animal) to go; set free or liberate sb/sth ;
403
7
reverse adj. ~ contrary or opposite to what is expected
404
7
simulate v. pretend to have or feel
405
7
sole n. flat sea-fish that is eaten as food
406
7
somewhat indef adv to some degree; rather
407
7
submit v. ~ (to sb/sth) accept the control, superior strength, etc (of sb/sth); yield (to sb/sth) ; ,
408
7
successor n. ~ person or thing that comes after and takes the place of (sb/sth)
409
7
survive v. ~ ~ (on sth) continue to live or exist
410
7
thesis n. statement or theory put forward and supported by arguments
411
7
topic n. subject of a discussion, talk, programme, written work, etc
412
7
transmit To send trough or across.
413
7
ultimate adj. beyond which no other exists or is possible; last or final
414
7
unique adj. being the only one of its type
415
7
visible adj. ~ that can be seen; in sight
416
7
voluntary adj. acting,done or given willingly
417
8
abandon v. go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending to return; forsake; desert
418
8
accompany v. walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escort
419
8
accumulate v. gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get (sth) in this way
420
8
ambiguous adj. having more than one possible meaning
421
8
append v. ~ sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)
422
8
appreciate v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highly
423
8
arbitrary adj. based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reason
424
8
automate v. cause to operate by automation
425
8
bias n. opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group or series; predisposition; prejudice
426
8
chart n. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etc
427
8
clarify v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understand
428
8
commodity n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the home
429
8
complement n. ~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it complete
430
8
conform v. ~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)
431
8
contemporary adj. ~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same time
432
8
contradict v. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truth
433
8
crucial adj. ~ very important; decisive
434
8
currency n. money system in use in a country
435
8
denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer to
436
8
detect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is present
437
8
deviate v. ~ from sth stop following
438
8
displace v. move from the usual or correct place
439
8
drama n. play for the theatre, radio or TV
440
8
eventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimate
441
8
exhibit n. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museum
442
8
exploit n. brave or adventurous deed or action
443
8
fluctuate v. ~ (of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; change irregularly
444
8
guideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actio
445
8
highlight n. best, most interesting or most exciting part of something
446
8
implicit adj. ~ implied, but not expressed directly; not explicit
447
8
induce v. persuade or influence (sb) to do sth
448
8
inevitable adj. that cannot be avoided; that is sure to happen
449
8
infrastructure n. subordinate parts, installations, etc that form the basis of a system, an organization or an enterprise (eg of an army) ,
450
8
inspect v. examine (sth) closely
451
8
intense adj. (of sensations) very great or severe; extreme
452
8
manipulate v. control or handle with skill
453
8
minimise [ minimize: ] to reduce to or estimate at the least possible degree or amount
454
8
nuclear adj. of a nucleus, esp of an atom
455
8
offset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sth
456
8
paragraph n. distinct section of a written or printed text, usu consisting of several sentences dealing with a single theme and starting on a new line
457
8
plus prep with the addition of
458
8
practitioner n. person who practises a skill or an art
459
8
predominant adj. having more power or influence than others
460
8
prospect n. (dated ) wide view of a landscape, etc
461
8
radical adj. of or from the root or base; fundamental
462
8
random adj. done, chosen, etc without method or conscious choice; haphazard
463
8
reinforce v. make stronger by adding material, etc
464
8
restore v. ~ sth (fml ) give back (sth lost, etc) to its owner
465
8
revise v. re-examine (sth), esp in order to correct or improve it
466
8
schedule n. programme of work to be done or of planned events
467
8
tense adj. stretched tightly; taut ;
468
8
terminate v. come to an end or bring (sth) to an end
469
8
theme n. subject of a talk, a piece of writing or a person's thoughts; topic
470
8
thereby adv. by that means
471
8
uniform adj. not changing in form or character; unvarying
472
8
vehicle n. conveyance such as a car, lorry or cart used for transporting goods or passengers on land
473
8
via prep by way of (sth); through
474
8
virtual adj. being or acting as what is described, but not accepted as such in name or officially
475
8
visual adj. concerned with or used in seeing
476
8
widespread extending over a wide area
477
9
accommodate v. provide lodging or room for
478
9
analogy n. ~ partial similarity between two things that are compared
479
9
anticipate v. expect
480
9
assure v. tell (sb) positively or confidently
481
9
attain v. succeed in getting (sth); achieve
482
9
behalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sb
483
9
bulk n. size, quantity or volume, esp when great
484
9
cease v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stop
485
9
coherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clear
486
9
coincide v. ~ (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth else
487
9
commence v. begin (sth); start
488
9
compatible adj. ~ (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited; that can exist together
489
9
concurrent adj. ~ existing, happening or done at the same time
490
9
confine v. ~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted space
491
9
controversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagree with
492
9
converse v. ~ (about sth); ~ (together) (fml ) talk
493
9
device n. thing made or adapted for a special purpose
494
9
devote v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;
495
9
diminish v. become smaller or less; decrease
496
9
distort v. pull or twist out of its usual shape
497
9
duration n. time during which sth lasts or continues
498
9
erode v. destroy or wear (sth) away gradually
499
9
ethic n. system of moral principles; rules of conduct
500
9
format n. shape, size, binding, etc of a book
