Axial Muscles- Muscles of the Head and Neck Flashcards

(65 cards)

1
Q

What are axial muscles?

A
  • Have both their attachments on parts of the axial skeleton
  • Support and move the head and spinal column
  • Function in nonverbal communication by affecting facial features, move the mandible when chewing, assist in food processing/swallowing, aid in breathing and support/protect the abdominal and pelvic organs
  • These muscles are not responsible for stabilizing or moving the pectoral or pelvic girdles or their attached limbs (appendicular muscles)
  • Organized into 5 groups based on location
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2
Q

What are muscles of facial expression?

A
  • Arise from the subcutaneous layer (deep to the skin) or on the skull bones
  • These muscles insert on the subcutaneous layer so that when they contract, they contort the skin
  • All but one muscle are innervated by the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)
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3
Q

What is the epicranius? (facial muscle)

A
  • Composed of the occipitofrontalis muscle and a broad epicranial aponeurosis
  • The scalp muscles
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4
Q

What is the frontal belly? (facial muscle)

A
  • Part of the occipitofrontalis muscle
  • Is superficial to the frontal bone of the forehead
  • When this muscle contracts it raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead skin
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5
Q

What is the occipital belly? (facial muscle)

A
  • Part of the occipitofrontalis muscle
  • Covers the posterior side of the head
  • When this muscle contracts it retracts the scalp slightly
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6
Q

What are the corrugator supercilii? (facial muscle)

A
  • This muscle draws the eyebrows together and creates vertical wrinkle lines above the nose
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7
Q

What are orbicularis oculi? (facial muscle)

A
  • Consists of circular muscle fibers that surround the orbit

- When this muscle contracts the eyelid closes

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8
Q

What is the levator palpebrae superioris? (facial muscle)

A
  • Elevates the upper eyelid when you open your eyes
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9
Q

What are the nasalis? (facial muscle)

A
  • Elevates the corners of your nostrils

- When you flare your nostrils you are using these muscles

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10
Q

What is the procerus? (facial muscle)

A
  • Contracts when you wrinkle your nose in distaste after smelling something sour
  • This muscle is continuous with the frontalis muscle
  • Runs over the bridge of the nose, where it produces transverse wrinkles when contracted
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11
Q

What is the orbicularis? (facial muscle)

A
  • Consists of muscle fibers that encircle the opening of the mouth
  • When this muscle contracts you are closing your mouth or puckering your lips
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12
Q

What is the depressor labii inferioris? (facial muscle)

A
  • Does what it’s name suggests

- When contracted it pulls the lower lip inferiorly

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13
Q

What is the depressor anguli oris? (facial muscle)

A
  • Considered the “frown” muscle
  • It pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
  • Takes more than just this muscle to frown
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14
Q

What is the levator labii superioris? (facial muscle)

A
  • Pulls the upper lip superiorly

- As if you are sneering or snarling

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15
Q

What is the levator anguli oris? (facial muscle)

A
  • Does the opposite of the depressor anguli oris
  • Pulls the corners of the mouth superiorly and laterally
  • One of the muscles used to smile
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16
Q

What is the zygomaticus major? (facial muscle)

A
  • Work with the levator anguli oris muscles to make you smile
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17
Q

What is the risorius? (facial muscle)

A
  • Pulls the corners of the lips laterally

- Use these when you have a closed mouth smile

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18
Q

What is the mentalis? (facial muscle)

A
  • Attaches to the lower lip

- When it contracts it protrudes the lower lip (poutes)

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19
Q

What is the platysma? (facial muscle)

A
  • Tenses the skin of the neck and pulls the lower lip inferiorly
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20
Q

What is the buccinator? (facial muscle)

A
  • Compresses the cheek against the teeth when we chew

- Reason why we dont look like chipmunks when we eat

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21
Q

What are extrinsic eye muscles?

A
  • Also called extraocular muscles
  • Move the eyeball
  • Arise within the orbit and attach onto the outer sclera of the eye
  • There are 6
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22
Q

What are rectus eye muscles?

A
  • Medial, lateral, inferior and superior muscles
  • Origin from a common tendinous ring in the orbit
  • Attach on the anterior part of the eye
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23
Q

What are oblique eye muscles?

A
  • Inferior and superior muscles
  • Originate from within the orbit and attach to the posterolateral part of the eye
  • Contracting these muscles pull the posterior part of the eye inferiorly
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24
Q

What is the medial rectus? (eye muscle)

A
  • Attaches to the anteromedial surface of the eye
  • Pulls the eye medially (adducts the eye)
  • Innervated by the CN 11 (oculomotor nerve)
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25
What is the lateral rectus? (eye muscle)
- Attaches to the anterolateral surface of the eye - Pulls the eye laterally (abducts the eye) - Innervated by CN V1 (abducens nerve)
26
What is the inferior rectus? (eye muscle)
- Attaches to the anteroinferior part of the eye - Pulls the eye inferiorly (look down) - Pulls the eye medially (look at your nose) - Innervated by CN 111
27
What is the superior rectus? (eye muscle)
- Located superiorly - Attaches to the anterosuperior part of the eye - Pulls the eye superiorly (look up) - Pulls the eye medially (look at your nose) - Innervated by CN 111
28
What is the inferior oblique? (eye muscle)
- Elevates the eye and turns it laterally - Attaches to the inferior posterior part of the eye - When you contract this muscle, it pulls the posterior part of the eye inferiorly - Innervated by CN 111
29
What is the superior oblique? (eye muscle)
- Depresses the eye and turns it laterally - This muscle passes through a pulley like loop called the trochlea in the anteromedial orbit - Attaches to the superior posterior part of the eye - When this muscle contracts it pulls the posterior part of the eye superiorly - Innervated by CN IV (trochlear)
30
What are the muscles of mastication? (mandible muscle)
- Mastication means to chew - These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint - 4 pairs of muscles: temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids
31
What is the temporalis? (mandible muscle)
- A broad, fan-shaped muscle - Extends from the temporal lines of the skull - Attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible - Elevates and retracts (pulls posteriorly) the mandible
32
What is the masseter? (mandible muscle)
- Elevates and protracts (pulls anteriorly) the mandible - Most powerful and important of the masticatory muscles - Short, thick muscle that is superficial to the temporalis
33
What are the lateral and medial pterygoids? (mandible muscle)
- Arise from the lateral pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone and attach to the mandible - Both protract the mandible and move it from side to side - Maximize the efficiency of the teeth while chewing - The medial pterygoid also elevates the mandible
34
What are intrinsic muscles? (tongue muscle)
- Curl, squeeze, and fold the tongue during chewing and speaking - Tongue itself acts like a big muscle
35
What are extrinsic muscles? (tongue muscle)
- Attach from the head and neck structures to the tongue - These muscles end in the suffix glossus (tongue) - Most of these muscles are innervated by CN X11 (hypoglossal nerve)
36
What are the genioglossus muscles? (tongue muscle)
- Left and right muscles that arise on the mandible and protract the tongue - Use these muscles when you stick your tongue out
37
What are the styloglossus muscles? (tongue muscle)
- Left and right muscles that arise from the styloid processes of the temporal bone - Elevate and retract the tongue (pull the tongue posteriorly, back into the mouth)
38
What are the palatoglossus muscles? (tongue muscle)
- Left and right muscles that originate on the soft palate and elevate the posterior portion of the tongue
39
What is the pharynx?
- Commonly called the throat - Funnel shaped tube that lies posterior to and extends inferiorly from both the oral and nasal cavities - Several muscles help form this muscular tube or attach to it and aid in swallowing - Most are innervated by CN X (vagus nerve) - Primary pharyngeal muscles are constrictors
40
What are pharyngeal constrictors? (pharynx muscle)
- Superior, middle and inferior - When a bolus of food enters the pharynx, these muscles contract sequentially to initiate swallowing - Force the bolus inferiorly into the esophagus
41
What is the levator veli palatini? (pharynx muscle)
- Elevates soft palate when swallowing
42
What is the tensor veli palatini? (pharynx muscle)
- Tenses soft palate and opens auditory tube when swallowing or yawning
43
What is the larynx?
- Area of the throat containing the vocal cords - Used for breathing, swallowing and talking - Also called the voicebox
44
What is the palatopharyngeus? (larynx and pharynx muscle)
- Elevates the larynx and pharynx superiorly | - Originates from the soft palate
45
What is the salpingopharyngeus? (larynx and pharynx muscle)
- Elevates pharynx and larynx superiorly - Originates from the auditory tube and opens it - Blends with palatopharyngeus on the lateral wall of the pharynx
46
What is the stylopharyngeus? (larynx and pharynx muscle)
- Elevates pharynx and larynx superiorly - Originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone - Inserts from the side of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage of the larynx
47
What are muscles of the anterior neck?
- Divided into suprahyoid muscles (superior to the hyoid bone) and infrahyoid muscles (inferior to the hyoid bone)
48
What is the digastric muscle? (suprahyoid muscle)
- Associated with the floor of the mouth - Elevate the hyoid bone while speaking or swallowing - Also can depress the mandible - Has 2 bellies: anterior and posterior - One extends from the mental protuberance to the hyoid - One continues from the hyoid to the mastoid portion of the temporal bone - 2 bellies are united by an intermediate tendon that is held in position by a dense connective tissue sling
49
What is the geniohyoid? (suprahyoid muscle)
- Arises from the mental spines of the mandible and attaches to the hyoid bone - Elevates the hyoid bone
50
What is the mylohyoid? (suprahyoid muscle)
- Broad and flat muscle that provides a muscular floor to the mouth - When contracted, it both elevates the hyoid bone and raises the floor of the mouth - Left and right sides align in a v shape
51
What is the stylohyoid? (suprahyoid muscle)
- Attaches to the styloid process of the skull and hyoid | - When contracted, it elevates the hyoid bone, causing the floor of the oral cavity to elongate during swallowing
52
What is the omohyoid? (infrahyoid muscle)
- Contains 2 thin muscle bellies anchored in place by a connective tissue sling - Lateral to the sternohyoid and extends from the superior border of the scapula to the hyoid - Depresses the hyoid bone
53
What is the sternohyoid? (infrahyoid muscle)
- Extends from the sternum to the hyoid | - Depresses the hyoid bone
54
What is the sternothyroid? (infrahyoid muscle)
- Deep to the sternohyoid - Extends from the sternum to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx - Depresses the thyroid cartilage to return it to its original position after swallowing
55
What is the thyrohyoid? (infrahyoid muscle)
- Extends from the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the hyoid - Depresses the larynx during swallowing - The omohyoid, sternohyoid, and thyrohyoid help anchor the hyoid so the digastric can depress the mandible
56
What are the anterolateral neck muscles?
- Flex the head and/or neck | - Main muscles in this group are the sternocleidomastoid and the 3 scalenes
57
What is the sternocleidomastoid? (anterolateral muscle)
- A thick, cordlike muscle - Extends from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process posterior to the ear - Contraction of both is called a bilateral contraction (flexes the neck) - Contraction of just one is called a unilateral contraction (lateral flexion of the neck and rotation of the head to the opposite side of the muscle)
58
What are the scalene muscles? (anterolateral muscle)
- Anterior, middle and posterior - Work with the sternocleidomastoid to flex the neck - Elevate the first and second ribs during forced inhalation
59
What are the posterior neck muscles?
- The trapezius attaches to the skull and helps extend the head and/or neck - Primary action is to help move the pectoral girdle
60
What is the splenius capitis and cervicis? (posterior muscle)
- For unilateral action: turns head to the same side as the contracted muscle - For bilateral action: extends the head/neck - Superiorly attached to the occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone - Inferiorly attached to the ligamentum nuchae
61
What is the longissimus capitis? (posterior muscle)
- For unilateral action: rotates head towards the same side as contracted muscle - For bilateral action: extends the head/neck - Superiorly attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone - Inferiorly attached to the transverse process of T1-T4 and articular processes of C4-C7 vertebrae
62
What is the obliquus capitis superior? (posterior muscle)
- Turns head to the same side of contracted muscle - Superiorly attached to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone - Inferiorly attached to the transverse process of the atlas
63
What is the obliquus capitis inferior? (posterior muscle)
- Turns head to the same side of contracted muscle - Superiorly attached to the transverse process of the atlas - Inferiorly attached to the spinous process of the axis
64
What is the rectus capitis posterior major? (posterior muscle)
- Extends head/neck - Superiorly attached to the nuchal line of the occipital bone - Inferiorly attached to the spinous process of the axis
65
What is the rectus capitis posterior minor? (posterior muscle)
- Extends head/neck - Superiorly attached to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone - Inferiorly attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas