Axial Musculature

Question 1

What is the most common muscle type?

Answer 1

Parallel muscles

Question 2

During the contraction of parallel spindle muscles, the muscle gets ______ and the belly gets ______.

Answer 2

Shorter, wider

Question 3

Do parallel or convergent muscles exert more force?

Answer 3

Parallel

Question 4

What is the name of the fan-shaped muscle type?

Answer 4

Convergent muscles

Question 5

Where would you find a circular muscle?

Answer 5

Around an opening, aka. any sphincter.

Question 6

What is the name of the muscle type shaped like a bird feather?

Answer 6

Pennate muscles

Question 7

What do the fascicles in a pennate muscle strike at an oblique angle?

Answer 7

A tendon

Question 8

What is the benefit of pennate muscles?

Answer 8

It packs more fibers into a small space than parallel muscles, creating more force.

Question 9

What is the difference between a unipennate, bipennate and multipennate muscle?

Answer 9

Unipennate = fibers only on one side of the tendon
Bipennate = fibers on both sides of the tendon
Multipennate = tendon branches within the muscle

Question 10

During an action, what is the agonist muscle?

Answer 10

The prime mover, whose contraction produces movement.

Question 11

During an action, what is the synergist muscle?

Answer 11

It assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing the movement.

Question 12

During an action, what is the antagonist muscle?

Answer 12

It opposes the movement of the prime mover (agonist) in order to counterbalance its movement.

Question 13

What is a class 1 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

Answer 13

The fulcrum is in between the weight and the force, increasing range and speed. The drawback is that it requires an immense amount of force.

Question 14

What is a class 2 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

Answer 14

The weight is in between the fulcrum and the force, which produces a lot of force. The drawback is that the range is small and slow.

Question 15

What is a class 3 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

Answer 15

The force is in between the fulcrum and the weight, giving it a high range and speed. The drawback is that the higher the range and speed, the smaller the force.

Question 16

What is the most common class of lever in the body?

Answer 16

Class 3

Question 17

Which cranial nerves are the extraocular muscles innervated by?`

Answer 17

3, 4 and 6

CN III, IV and VI - Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens

Question 18

Which cranial nerve is the mastication muscles innervated by?

Answer 18

5-3.

CN V3 - Trigeminal

Question 19

Which cranial nerve is the facial expression muscles innervated by?

Answer 19

7

CN VII - Facial

Question 20

Which cranial nerve is the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

Answer 20

10

CN X - Vagus

Question 21

Which cranial nerve is the tongue muscles innervated by?

Answer 21

12

CN XII - Hypoglossal

Question 22

Which cranial nerve is the neck muscles innervated by?

Answer 22

Neck muscles are innervated by the cervical nerves

Question 23

Which extraocular muscles are NOT innervated by CN III? Which CNs are they innervated by?

Answer 23

The lateral rectus - VI (6)

The superior oblique - IV (4)

Question 24

When looking up, which 2 muscles do you use?

Answer 24

Superior rectus and inferior oblique

Question 25

When looking down, which 2 muscles do you use?

Answer 25

Inferior rectus and superior oblique

Question 26

How would you determine if a patient had a CN VI or CN IV palsy?

Answer 26

You would ask them to look left an right, and if they had difficulty looking right it would be damage in the lateral rectus, making it a CN VI palsy. If they had difficulty looking left it would be damage in the superior oblique, making it a CN IV palsy.

Question 27

What do the temporalis and masseter muscles do?

Answer 27

They open and close the mouth (for chewing)

Question 28

What do the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles in the jaw do?

Answer 28

Lateral: depresses the mandible and grinds food Medial: elevates the mandible to chew

Question 29

What does the orbicularis oculi muscle of the face do?

Answer 29

It closes the eyes

Question 30

What does the orbicularis oris muscle of the face do?

Answer 30

It purses the lips

Question 31

What does the platysma muscle of the face do?

Answer 31

It tenses the skin of the neck

Question 32

What does the frontaris muscle of the face do?

Answer 32

It wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrows

Question 33

What does the buccinator muscle of the face do?

Answer 33

It tenses the cheeks for sucking

Question 34

How do you get Bell's palsy?

Answer 34

By damaging the facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 35

What do the tensor & levator veli palatini muscles of the throat do?

Answer 35

They tense and elevate the soft palate

Question 36

What does the superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the throat do?

Answer 36

They constrict different sections of the pharynx

Question 37

What are the four muscles of the tongue?

Answer 37

Palatoglossus Styloglossus Hyoglossus Genioglossus

Question 38

What does the hyoid bone do?

Answer 38

It supports the tongue

Question 39

What does the mylohyoid muscle in the throat do?

Answer 39

It tenses the floor of the mouth for swallowing

Question 40

What does the digastric muscle in the throat do?

Answer 40

It depresses the mandible to open the mouth wide

Question 41

What is the correct order of these events during swallowing? 1. Contraction of tensor and levator veli palatini muscles 2. Contraction of mylohyoid and tongue muscles 3. Sequential contraction from the top of constrictor muscles 4. Elevation of larynx by many muscles

Answer 41

2, 1, 4, 3

Question 42

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the throat do?

Answer 42

It turns the head in the opposite direction of contraction

Question 43

What do the infrahyoid muscles in the throat do?

Answer 43

They pull down the hyoid bone

Question 44

What do the longus capitis and longus colli muscles do?

Answer 44

They flex the neck

Question 45

What do the scalene muscles do?

Answer 45

They flex the neck and head, and elevate the ribs.

Question 46

What does the transversospinal group of muscles do?

Answer 46

It allows vertebrae to flex & extend and does fine movement adjustments

Question 47

If you sprain the zygapophyseal joints in your back, what might happen?

Answer 47

You might have acute back pain

Question 48

What 3 muscles make up the erector spinae and what do they do?

Answer 48

Longissimus, Spinalus and Iliocostalis | They extend the back

Question 49

What do the intercostal muscles do?

Answer 49

They contract to elevate the ribs during inhalation

Question 50

What do the rectus abdominis muscles do?

Answer 50

They are trunk flexors

Question 51

How many layers of abdominal muscles are there? What are they?

Answer 51

3 - External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis

Question 52

What is the inferior vena cava?

Answer 52

A vessel that carries blood

Question 53

What is the largest artery that carries blood to the lower body?

Answer 53

The aorta

Question 54

What are the right and left crura?

Answer 54

The tendinous structures that come up from the legs

Question 55

What is innervated by the phrenic nerve? Which nerves make up the phrenic nerve?

Answer 55

The diaphragm. C3, C4 and C5

Question 56

Does the diaphragm contract during inhalation or exhalation?

Answer 56

Inhalation

Question 57

Where are the coccygeus and levator ani muscles?

Answer 57

In the pelvic floor

Question 58

Is the external urethral sphincter larger in males or females? Why?

Answer 58

It's larger in males to accommodate for ejaculate

Question 59

What are the Ischiocavernosus and Bulbospongiosus | muscles and what happens when they contract?

Answer 59

They are perineal muscles. Contraction increases blood flow into the erectile tissues of the genitalia.

Question 60

Which nerve are the perineal muscles innervated by?

Answer 60

The pudendal nerve