axial skeleton

Question 1

full in the blanks

Answer 1

Question 2

the caudal articular processes are (medial/ lateral) to the cranial articular processes?

Answer 2

medial

Question 3

which vertebrae are the mamillary processes located on?

Answer 3

caudal thoracic and cranial lumbar

Question 4

where are the mamillary processes located on the vertebral body?

Answer 4

between the transverse process and cranial articular process

Question 5

where are the accessory processes of the vertebrae located?

Answer 5

between the transverse processes and caudal articular processes

Question 6

in dogs, all cervical vertebrae except 7 seven have a
a) lateral foramen
b) transverse foramen
c) large dorsal spinous process
d) larger transverse processes

Answer 6

B for vertebral arteries and veins

Question 7

the first cervical nerve root exits the vertebral canal via…

Answer 7

lateral vertebral foramen

the vertebral artery also passes here

Question 8

when do they physes of the atlas fuse?

Answer 8

fusion of the suture at the dorsal midline is normally complete by 106 days after birth, and fusion of the ventral sutures complete by 115 days after birth.

Question 9

which bone does the dens originate from?

Answer 9

proatlas

Question 10

when should the dens be fused to centrum 1 by post partum?
a) 106d
b) 24d
c) 42d
d) 84d

Answer 10

a 106 days

should appear by 42d

Question 11

the cervical vertebrae c3-c6 have large transverse processes with dorsal and ventral parts, called the….

Answer 11

cranioventral and caudodorsal tubercles

Question 12

which cervical vertebrae has the largest transverse processes

Answer 12

c6

Question 13

which is the anticlinal vertebra in dogs?
in horses?

Answer 13

dogs- T11- T10 in small dogs
horse- T15/16

Question 14

where does the head of a rib articulate with the vertebrae

Answer 14

Articulates at the costal fovea. can articulate with both the cranial and caudal vertebrae adjacent to it- only from around T2-T11 ish)

Question 15

the tubercle of the rib articulates with the
a) costal fovea
b) mammilary process
c) transverse process of the more caudal vertebra
d) transverse surface of the more cranial vertebra

Answer 15

C

plane synovial joint

Question 16

what is this hole called?

Answer 16

costotransverse foramen

Question 17

what is the vertebral formula for a horse?

Answer 17

c7, T18, L6, S5 CD 17-21 for standard breeds

Question 18

how many thoracic vertebrae do cows have?

Answer 18

13
c7 t 13 l 6 cd 18-21

Question 19

how many thoracic vertebrae do rabbits have?

Answer 19

12

anticlinal T10

Question 20

what are the choanae?

Answer 20

the caudal aspect of the nasal cavity, before the nasopharynx. separated by the vomer bone in to two orifices. each nasal cavity begins with the nasal vestibule and ends with the np meatus and choana

the choanae are the openings, where the caudal portion of the vomer attaches to the hard palate, of the two nasopharyngeal meatuses, into the nasopharynx. they are oval in shape and oblique in position

hard place to fully define as it is the opening between the nasopharyngeal meatuses and the nasopharx.

Question 21

when does the ventral nasal meatus become the nasopharyngeal meatus

Answer 21

at the point the maxillary recess opens in dogs (although in life it is very narrow and covered in mucosa of the ethmoidal bone and lateral nasal gland. rostral to the ethmoidal crest/ basal lamina of the ethmoidal bone.

the np meatus is where all 4 meatuses converge

Question 22

what is a synchondrosis

Answer 22

A synchondrosis (or primary cartilaginous joint) is a type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline
cartilage completely joins together two bones.
Synchondroses are immovable joints and are thus referred to as synarthroses.

Synchondrosis and symphysis are both types of cartilaginous joints, but they differ in the type of cartilage that connects the bones and the amount of movement they allow. Synchondrosis, also known as a primary cartilaginous joint, involves hyaline cartilage connecting the bones, often at growth plates, and these joints are generally immovable. Symphysis, on the other hand, is a secondary cartilaginous joint where fibrocartilage connects the bones, allowing for limited movement, such as in the pubic symphysis or intervertebral discs

Question 23

given an example of a synarthrosis

Answer 23

skull suture- a fibrous joint, allow minimal movement
held by sharpey fibres

intermandibular joint- technically a synchondrosis

Question 24

what type of joint is between the auditory ossicles?

Answer 24

synovial
joint of hyoid apparatus à all synovial beside articulation of temporohyoidea between tympanohyoid cartilage and mastoid part of the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Question 25

which structure in the atlantoaxial joint is a remnant of the notochord? a) apical ligament b) alar ligament c) dorsal atlantoaxial ligament d) synovial bursa between the transverse ligament and the dens

Answer 25

A

Question 26

where does the nuchal ligament extend from and to in dogs?

Answer 26

extends from spinous process of the axis to the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra. no nuchal ligament in cats

Question 27

where does the suprspinous ligament extend from and to? a) from spinous process of the axis to the spinous process of the 1st thoracic vertebra b) on the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from T1-Cd1 c) from the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra to the third caudal vertebra. d) on the dorsal surfaces of the vertebral bodies from T1-T12

Answer 27

C

Question 28

where to intervertebral discs originated from embryologically?

Answer 28

mesoderm - nucleus pulposus- notochord annulus fibrosus- sclerotome- part of a somit which are important for development of the axial skeleton

Question 29

which is the narrowest intervertebral disc space in the cervical spine?

Answer 29

c2/3

Question 30

which is the narrowest intervertebral disc space in the lumbar spine?

Answer 30

L4/5

Question 31

which ligament is most dorsal? a) ventral longitudinal ligament b) dorsal longitudinal ligament c) intercapital ligament

Answer 31

B intercapital ligg. à runs from the head of one rib over the dorsal part of the intervertebral disc, but ventral to the dorsal longitudinal ligament, to the head of the opposite rib.

Question 32

which breed gets TMJ dysplasia most commonly? a) beagle b) basset hound c) sight hounds d) great danes

Answer 32

B