Axial Skeleton

Question 1

What bones are part of the cranium? What bones are part of the postcranium?

Answer 1

Cranium -all the bones in your head

Postcranium- all the bones below the head

Question 2

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

Bones of the skull (cranium & mandible)
thorax
vertebral column

Question 3

What bones are included in your appendicular skeleton?

Answer 3

Any bone not in the axial
example:
Upper Limb
Lower LImb

Question 4

The skull can be divided into parts. What parts?

Answer 4

Mandible &

Cranium

Question 5

The postcranial can be divided into?

Answer 5

vertebrae (coccyx, sacrum)
ribs
sternum

Question 6

Is the skull one bone?

Answer 6

Np, various.

Question 7

How can the skull be divided?

Answer 7

Nuero-Cranium (because it contains the brain)
&
Viscero-Cranium ( portion of the cranium that contains the organs, visceral means organs)

Question 8

What is the function of the nuero-cranium and viscero cranium?

Answer 8

Nuero-Cranium: protects the brain

Viscero- cranium- protects the soft tissues of the face

Question 9

Nuerocranium Bones and locations

Answer 9

Frontal bone- Forehead and top part of the orbits (eyes)
Parietal Bone- Sides of the skull;
Sphenoid Bone- portion on the temples, and forms posterior part of the eye orbit
Temporal Bone- by the ear on the side (deep to the ear)
Ethmoid bone - between the eyes, and behind the nasal bone, forms part of the medial aspect of the eye orbit
occipital bone- back of the head

Question 10

Which bones are part of the nuerocranium that you can see inferiorly?

Answer 10

sphenoid, occipital, temporal bone

Question 11

Which part of the ethmoid is part of the nasal cavity

Answer 11

Perpendicular plate

Question 12

what shape is the sphenoid?

Answer 12

butterfly shaped

Question 13

Looking down at the skull (superior view) what part of the ethmoid can you see?

Answer 13

The cribriform plate, crista galli

Question 14

Name the sutures of the skull? What does it separate?

Answer 14

Sagittal suture- the middle separates the two parietal bones
Lambdoidal suture- separates occipital bone from parietal bones
squamousal suture- separates temporal bone from parietal bones
coronal suture- separates frontal bone from parietal bones

Question 15

Name 4 features of the occipital bone.

Answer 15

Hypoglossal canal- underneath the occipital condyle
Jugular foramen- (one of the jugular vein goes through here)
Foramen Magnum- (passage of the spinal cord)
Occipital condyles

Question 16

What is the purpose of the occipital bone?

Answer 16

To connect the cranium to the vertebrae.

Question 17

Temporal Bone Features

Answer 17

Internal acoustic meatus
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Foramen lacerum- gap where 3 bones come together occipital bone, sphenoid bone, temporal bone
Carotid canal
Mandibular fossa- madible articulates here

Question 18

What is the supra orbital foramen?

Answer 18

Hole above the orbit (above the eye)

Question 19

What are the sphenoid bone features?

Answer 19

Sella turcica- depression in the middle where the pituitary gland is
Optic canal- (can be seen from the front)
Superior orbital fissue- long opening (can be seen from the front)
Foramen rotundum - round hole
Foramen Ovale- oval hole
Foramen Spinosum- small hole

Question 20

What forms the nasal septum?

Answer 20

ethmoid & vomer

Question 21

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

Answer 21

palatine bone
lacrimal bone- tear gland sits
zygomatic bone
nasal bone
maxilla
inferior nasal concha- (responsible for regulating the flow of air in the nasal cavity)
vomer
mandible

Question 22

What are the features of the maxilla?

Answer 22

Inferior orbital fissue

Infra-orbital foramen

Question 23

What are the bone features of the mandible?

Answer 23

Mandibular condyle- (articulates with manibular fossa on the the temporal bone)
Mental foramen- (on the outside of the mandible on the chin)
Alveolar Part- (holds tooth roots)
Mandibular foramen- (inside of the mandible)

Question 24

What are the two divisions of the axial postcranium?

Answer 24

Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum- protects heart and lungs
Vertebral column- protects spinal cord, transfers weight onto the lower limb, & it’s an
muscle attachement site

Question 25

How is the vertebrae column divided?

Answer 25

``` cervical vertebrae- (C1-C7) thoracic vertebrae- (T1-T12) lumbar vertebrae- L1-L5) Sacrum- (5 fused vertebrae) Coccyx ```

Question 26

What are the vertebrae column curves?

Answer 26

Lordosis & kyphosis

Question 27

What is the spinal curve for the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae?

Answer 27

cervical-Lordosis thoracic- kyphosis lumbar-Lordosis scaral-kyphosis

Question 28

When do the spinal curves develop?

Answer 28

When an infant starts walking

Question 29

In pregnant women what kinda of curvature do they have?

Answer 29

Hyperlordosis

Question 30

What is hyperkyphosis?

Answer 30

If the kyphosis curvature is too extreme it is hyperkyphosis (hunchback)

Question 31

What is scoliosis?

Answer 31

abnormal lateral curvature

Question 32

What features are present in all vertebrae?

Answer 32

-Transverse process (one on the left, one on the right) -Centra (centrum) (one exception C1) -Spinous Process -Vertebral Foramen (spinal cord pass through here)

Question 33

What is the atlas, what is the axis?

Answer 33

C1 is the atlas | C2 is the axis

Question 34

Why do the vertebrae get larger as you go down?

Answer 34

weight distribution

Question 35

What articulates with the occipital condyles??

Answer 35

The atlas (holds the world)

Question 36

What is the shake yes joint?

Answer 36

occipital bone and atlas

Question 37

What does the hyoid bone attach to?

Answer 37

hyoid indirectly attaches to the styloid process

Question 38

What is the only bone in your body that doesn't directly articulate with another bone (floats in your neck)? How does it connect?

Answer 38

Hyoid bone, connects via muscle

Question 39

Does the axis have a body?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

What is the dens?

Answer 40

The axis has a dens that sticks up into the atlas.

Question 41

What is the shake no joint?

Answer 41

atlas and axis connection

Question 42

What is the transverse ligament?

Answer 42

ligament that wraps around the dens to the atlas so you can move your head side to side aka when saying 'No"

Question 43

What unique features do the cervical vertebrae have?

Answer 43

Transverse foramen

Question 44

What unique features do the thoracic vertebrae have?

Answer 44

Costal facets (costal means rib)

Question 45

What happens in the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 45

attachment for ribs `

Question 46

Where do ribs attach?

Answer 46

On the centrum (body) and transverse process

Question 47

What is unique about lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 47

They lack: transverse foramen & costal facet

Question 48

What are inter-vertebral disc?

Answer 48

pad of cartilage that separate the joint that connects the centrums together. Important for shock absorption

Question 49

What are inter-vertebral foramina?

Answer 49

Only exist when at least two vertebrae are together. The space they create between them. Spinal nerves go out through here

Question 50

What is the articular processes?

Answer 50

Articular processes is where vertebrae articulate. Superior set- articualte with vertebrae above it Inferior set- articulate to the vertebrae below it

Question 51

What is the vertebrae canal?

Answer 51

when the vertebrae are on top of each other the individual vertebrae foramen form a canal. The spinal cord goes out through here.

Question 52

What do all vertebrae contain?

Answer 52

-Transverse process (one on the left, one on the right) -Centra (centrum) (one exception C1) -Spinous Process -Vertebral Foramen (spinal cord pass through here)

Question 53

What are the features of the sacral?

Answer 53

Sacral body Ala Sacral foramina Sacral Hiatus- exposes the vertebral canal (lack of spinous process)

Question 54

What is the thorax?

Answer 54

contains lungs and heart, surrounded by the rib cage for protection

Question 55

What divides the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 55

the diaphragm

Question 56

What is part of the thorax/thoracic cage?

Answer 56

Sternum: Xiphoid process, manubrium, body Ribs Thoracic vertebrae

Question 57

How many ribs do you have?

Answer 57

12 left and 12 right (women and men have the same amount)

Question 58

what is the function of the thoracic cage?

Answer 58

- Attachment sites for muscles of breathing | - protection

Question 59

How do the ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 59

Ribs attach on the right and left of the costal facets that are on the transverse process and centrum

Question 60

Does the rib directly attach to the sternum?

Answer 60

No attaches via the costal cartilage

Question 61

Why does the posterior rib attach bone to bone (via costal facet) versus the front ribs that attach the costal cartilage?

Answer 61

Because of breathing. | When you breathe your ribs expand laterally you need that flexibility.

Question 62

Every rib is connected to the sternum. True/False

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Name the three functional groups of the ribs.

Answer 63

Vertebrosternal Ribs Vertebrochondral Ribs Vertebral Ribs

Question 64

How does the vertebrosternal attach?

Answer 64

Vertebrosternal Ribs- ribs attach from the vertebrae to the sternum via an individual costal cartilage (first 7 ribs)

Question 65

How does the Vertebrochondral Ribs

Answer 65

ribs attach from the vertebrae to the sternum via a fused costal cartilage (8-10)

Question 66

How do the Vertebral Ribs attach?

Answer 66

They don't attach to anything on the front.

Question 67

What part of the rib attaches to the costal facet on the centrum?

Answer 67

head

Question 68

What part of the rib attaches to the costal facet on the transverse process?

Answer 68

the tubercle of the rib