Axial Skelton

Question 1

Functions of axis skeleton

Answer 1

1. Supports and protects organs in body cavities
2. Attaches to muscles of head, neck, and trunk
3. Performs respiratory movements
4. Stabilizes parts of appendicular skeleton

Question 2

axial skeleton bones

Answer 2

Skull, sternum ,sacrum ,costal, coccyx ,cervical vert, thoracic vert, Lumbar vert, Ribs

Question 3

what spinal curves do the vertebrae and sacral fall into

Answer 3

Cervical (secondary lordosis, developed later)
Thoracic (primary kyphosis, pre birth)
Lumbar (secondary lordosis, developed later)
Sacral (primary kyphosis, pre birth)

Question 4

how many bones make up the spine?

Answer 4

26 total (24 vert, sacral, coccyx)

Question 5

describe Agonist, Antagonist, Synergist, Fixator

Answer 5

Agonist-produces movement
Antagonist- opposes movement (naturally)
Synergist- assists muscle
Fixator- prevents joint movement

Question 6

Articular surfaces are

Answer 6

Fibrous connective tissue (ligaments/capsules)
passive
connect bone to bone
can’t choose to move ligaments (passive)

Question 7

articular process

Answer 7

contain joints that allow movement

Question 8

vertebral arch

Answer 8

protects spinal cord & allows muscle attachment

Question 9

Pedicle

Answer 9

forms the walls of vertebral arch (first before lamina)

Question 10

Vertebral body

Answer 10

transfers weight along spine

Question 11

superior articular process

Answer 11

extends upwards, faces up, joins inferior (contains articular facet)

Question 11

inferior articular process

Answer 11

is between pedicle and lamina, forms articular pillars to stabilize vertebral column

Question 12

transverse process

Answer 12

projects lateral, point of attatchment

Question 13

lamina

Answer 13

2nd after pedicle, supports/protects backside of spine

Question 14

vertebral foreman

Answer 14

opening of vertebrae , bounded anterior by body, bounded posterior by vertebral arch

Question 15

erector spine def

Answer 15

extension muscles

Question 16

Spinalis

Answer 16

most medial, c1-c7, (Cervicis)

Question 17

Longissimus

Answer 17

middle meat of erector spine group, attaches transverse process (capitis, crevices)

Question 17

Iliocostalis

Answer 17

most lateral, attaches to ribs, (cervicis)

Question 18

Capitis (head) L

Cervicis (cervical) S L I

Thoracis (thoracic) S L I

Lumborum (lumbar) I

Answer 18

Longissimus capatis

Spinalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis

Spinalis thoracis, Longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis throacis

Iliocostalis lomborum

Question 19

Atlas C1

Answer 19

the yes motion of the head Articulates with occipital condyles

Question 20

Axis C2

Answer 20

superior, and allows the no motion of the head

Question 21

Vertebra prominens (C7)

Answer 21

is a common surface landmark
Transitions to thoracic vertebrae
Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle
Has large transverse processes

Question 22

Unique features of cervical vertebrae:

Answer 22

Small body (support only head)
Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)
Tip of each spinous process is notched (bifid or forked)
Transverse processes contain transverse foramina for vertebral arteries and veins

Question 23

what movements occur in the cervical reigon

Answer 23

flexion/extension/hyperextension, rotation, side bending

Question 24

Neck flexion and rotation are caused by contraction of muscles that are anterior to the vertebrae Many muscles play a role, but the prime movers are:

Answer 24

sternocleidomastoid longus capitus longus colli scalenes

Question 25

Sternocleidomastoid Origin insertion actions

Answer 25

Origin: manbrium of sternum/medial clavicle Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone Action if 1: lateral flexion same, rotation to opposite Action if 2: Neck flexion

Question 26

Longus capties origin insertion actions

Answer 26

Origin:transverse process of cervical vertebrae Insertion: base of occipital bone Action if 1: Lateral flexion same, rotation to same side Action if 2: neck flexion

Question 27

Longus colli origin insertion actions

Answer 27

Origin: Anterior vertebral body of cervical vert Insertion: Transverse process of cervical vert Action: flex neck, rotate, stabilize

Question 28

scalenes origin insertion actions

Answer 28

Origin: Transverse process of cervical vert Insertion: Superior surface of first two ribs Action: elevates ribs/ flexes the neck

Question 29

Functions of erector spine group

Answer 29

Neck extension, rotation, lateral flexion (posterior to vertebrae)

Question 30

Unique feautures Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 30

T1-T12 from superior to inferior Round vertebral foramen Heart-shaped bodies Articular facets are vertical and face anterior and posterior Long, slender spinous processes that slant inferiorly Have superior, inferior and transverse costal facets for rib attachment

Question 31

Lumbar Vertebrae Unique feautures

Answer 31

L1 – L5 from superior to inferior Largest vertebrae Oval-shaped bodies Triangular vertebral foramen Short, blunt spinous and transverse processes Articular facets are vertical and face medially and laterally

Question 32

Sacrum def

Answer 32

Is one bone made of five sacral vertebrae that fuse between puberty and age 25-30 Is curved, more in males than in females Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs and attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton