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Ayoub Flashcards

1
Q

How does the author regard his “return to Islam”?

A

Not as a repudiation of Christianity, but as a deepening of my faith through the return to my cultural and spiritual roots

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2
Q

What does the Arabic word Islam mean? (two answers)

A

submission or surrender

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3
Q

The three letter root from which the word Islam is derived also means

A

peace, soundness, and safety

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4
Q

What is a Muslim?

A

A person who professes Islam

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5
Q

A person who is not born a Muslim may accept Islam by …

A

Repeating before two Muslim witnesses the shahadah, a profession of faith

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6
Q

What other ceremony is required?

A

none

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7
Q

Long before Islam, what two religious communities existed in Arabia?

A

Judaism and Christianity

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8
Q

What was the city of Makkah (Mecca), where Muhammad was born?

A

A caravan station on important trade routes, exposed to diverse foreign ideas/influences

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9
Q

What Arabs accepted ethical monotheism of Judaism and Christianity?

A

Makkan Arabs called hanifs

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10
Q

Before Islam, what three goddesses (daughters of Allah) did Arabs worship?

A

Al-lat, al-‘Uzza, and Manat

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11
Q

Name of mountain where Muhammad spent time in seclusion in a cave:

A

Mount Hira’

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12
Q

In Madinah, what Jewish practices did Muhammad adopt, and later abandon (name two)

A

Yom Kippur fast, faced Jerusalem during prayers

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13
Q

In struggle against Makkah, the Battle of ___ was the first Muslim victory

A

Badr

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14
Q

The battle at _____ was a defeat, and Muhammad was _______.

A

Uhlud, badly injured

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15
Q

What element of Muhammad’s farewell pilgrimage speech would be challenged in
modern society?

A

Beating women

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16
Q

For Muslims, with whom did the history of prophecy begin?

A

Adam

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17
Q

Satan is also called ________ in Islam.

A

Iblis

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18
Q

According to the Quran, the sin of Adam and Eve was ______ alone

A

theirs

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19
Q

According to Islamic tradition, how many prophets did God send after Adam?

A

124,000

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20
Q

How many prophets does the Quran mention by name?

A

25

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21
Q

What is the Islamic word for prophet (it is an Arabic term)?

A

nabi

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22
Q

Who are the five “prophets of power” in Islam?

A

Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad

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23
Q

Which prophet occupies more space in the Quran than all others, even Muhammad?

A

Moses

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24
Q

Prophets who followed Abraham were his sons through ____ and ____

A

Ishmael and Isaac

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25
Q

What does the Quran categorically deny about Jesus?

A

Divinity and divine sonship

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26
Q

The Quran portrays Jesus foretelling the coming of Muhammad by the name ___.

A

Ahmad

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27
Q

The Quran is both the primary source of moral and religious guidance as well as the
______, _____, and _____ constitution of the Muslim community.

A

Legal, political, and social

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28
Q

In modern times what is the most widely accepted edition of the Quran?

A

Royal Egyptian edition, produced in the 1930s

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29
Q

What is the Arabic word which means “one” and refers to the oneness of God?

A

ahad

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30
Q

On judgment day, ___ will intercede with God on behalf of those who recite it.

A

the Qur’an

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31
Q

What is the first of the five pillars of Islam? (Arabic term and meaning)

A

Shahadah: No god but, God, and Muhammad is his messenger

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32
Q

What is the long period of pre-Islamic Arab history called? (Arabic and English)

A

the age of jahiliyah (foolishness, ignorance)

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33
Q

What is its second declaration?

A

Muhammad is the messenger of God

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34
Q

What is the second of the five pillars of Islam? (Arabic term and meaning)

A

Salat (obligatory prayers)

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35
Q

Prayer must be preceded by ________. What are two terms for this?

A

Ritual washing; wudu (partial) or ghusl (whole body)

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36
Q

What is a rakah? What is al-fatihah?

A

A cycle/unit of spoken and enacted prayer; al-fatihah is a fundamental prayer (“The Opening”) recited at the beginning of each rakah

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37
Q

What is the Arabic term for and Islamic meeting house (English “mosque”)

A

masjid

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38
Q

What is the third pillar of Islam? (Arabic term and English meaning) What is the
percentage of this religious tax?

A

Zakat (obligatory alms)

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39
Q

What is the fourth pillar of Islam?

A

The Ramadan fast

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40
Q

What is the three day festival at the end of Ramadan called?

A

id al-fitr

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41
Q

What is the fifth (most public and popular) pillar of Islam?

A

The hajj (pilgrimage to the Ka’bah at Mecca)

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42
Q

Hajj takes place in the _______ (number) month of the Islamic calendar.

A

Twelfth

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43
Q

How many days does the id al-adha last?

A

Four

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44
Q

On his way from Arafat to Mina, what was Abraham commanded?

A

To sacrifice his son Ishmael

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45
Q

What may be regarded as a sixth fundamental obligation of Muslims?

A

Jihad; the struggle against evil

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46
Q

Who became the first caliph (khalifah) after the death of Muhammad?

A

Abu Bakr

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47
Q

Who did the Hashimites expect might be chosen as caliph?

A

Ali

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48
Q

After the death of Muhammad, what were the wars of apostasy called?

A

Riddah

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49
Q

What biblical king does the Quran refer to as a khalifah?

A

David

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50
Q

Whom did Abu Bakr appoint as his successor and second caliph?

A

‘Umar b. al-Khattab

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51
Q

When were Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia “conquered and incorporated into the
Islamic state”?

A

During Umar’s reign (the second Caliph)

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52
Q

Who became the third caliph? And how long did he rule?

A

Uthman, for 12 years

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53
Q

Of which family “clan” of the Quraysh tribe was this third caliph?

A

Uthman was Umayyad

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54
Q

Where and how did the third caliph pass away?

A

Uthman was besieged in his home in Medina for forty days by an Egyptian mob and then killed

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55
Q

Who proclaimed Ali as the fourth caliph of Islam?

A

The men of Medina

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56
Q

Who was the young widow of the Prophet Muhammad?

A

Aishah

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57
Q

Where did the Shiah (party of Ali) begin to develop as a distinct movement?

A

Kufah (in southern Iraq)

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58
Q

What was the name of the governor of Syria who opposed Ali as caliph?

A

Mu’awiyah

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59
Q

What was the group that opposed both Muawiyah and Ali as caliph?

A

Kharijites

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60
Q

How did Ali pass away?

A

By a Kharijite assassin with a poisoned sword during morning prayers

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61
Q

What ruling dynasty is Muawiyah named as the founder of?

A

Umayyad

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62
Q

As caliph where did Muawiyah move the “capital” of Islam to?

A

Damascus

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63
Q

Who was the sixth caliph of Islam (son of Muawiyah) and when did he rule?

A

Yazid, 680-683

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64
Q

Who was the son of Ali that opposed the son of Muawiyah?

A

Husayn

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65
Q

How had Hasan, son of Ali, died? Who was suspected?

A

Poisoned, likely at Mu’awiyah’s instigation

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66
Q

Where (near Kufah) did the forces of Yazid battle with the forces of Husayn?

A

A spot on the banks of the Euphrates

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67
Q

What happened to Husayn in this battle?

A

He was massacred

68
Q

What does the day of Ashura commemorate?

A

Husayn’s martyrdom

69
Q

After the Umayyad dynasty, what group took over in 750, establishing a new dynasty?

A

The Abbasids

70
Q

What shrine in Jerusalem was built during the Umayyad dynasty rule?

A

Dome of the Rock

71
Q

If the Umayyad dynasty was an “Arab state,” where were the Abbasids based?

A

Iraq and Persia, centered at Baghdad

72
Q

Who built Baghdad as the capital?

A

Al-Mansur

73
Q

Which Islamic dynasty ruled from Cairo, starting about when?

A

Fatimid, starting about 971

74
Q

As the caliphate split (into competing caliphs) who proclaimed himself Umayyad caliph
of Spain?

A

‘Abd al-Rahman III

75
Q

The invasion of the _____________ brought an end to the Abbasid empire.

A

the Mongols (under Hulagu)

76
Q

Like Christianity, Islam is a __________________ religion.

A

universalist and therefore a missionary

77
Q

Outside dar al-islam, into what two “spheres” is the world divided? (English & Arabic)

A

sulh (peace or truce) and harb (war)

78
Q

Who aided the Arab invaders of Spain, seeing them as liberators?

A

Jews

79
Q

How long was the history of Arab Spain?

A

900 years

80
Q

By 1492, only the Spanish city of _____ remained under Muslim control.

A

Granada

81
Q

Who was expelled from Spain in 1492? When were the Muslims expelled from Spain?

A

The Jews; 1609

82
Q

How did sub-Saharan Africa become Islamic – conquest or migration?

A

Migration

83
Q

How much of the Swahili language vocabulary is Arabic?

A

One third

84
Q

In what century did Muslim communities spring up all over China?

A

13th century

85
Q

About how many Muslims now live in China?

A

50 million

86
Q

What was the dynasty of Muslim rulers in India called?

A

Mughal

87
Q

What local society in India developed as bitter opponents of the Muslims in India?

A

Sikhs

88
Q

About how many Muslims live in modern India?

A

100-130 million

89
Q

In what three countries of southeast Asia is Islam the majority religion?

A

Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei

90
Q

What southeast Asian country is the most populist Islamic country in the world?

A

Indonesia

91
Q

Muslims believe all prophets are protected by God from ___ and ____.

A

sin and error

92
Q

Of what three things does the Prophet’s sunna consist? Of these three, which of the
sunna are hadith?

A

His actions, tacit consent, and sayings; his speech is hadith

93
Q

A hadith consists of a ______ of transmission

A

chain

94
Q

What Muslim jurist was the sixth Shi’ite Imam? Who had been the third Imam in
Shi’te understanding?

A

Ja’far al-Sadiq; Husayn b. Ali

95
Q

The chief judges or legal jurisconsults called ________ issue opinions called fatwas.

A

muftis

96
Q

Shi’i tradition asserts that Muhammad designated ____ as Imam of the Muslim
community. Where did Muhammad do this, and during what important occasion?

A

Ali; at Ghadir Khumm during the hajj

97
Q

Shi’ites who are “Seveners” believe the seventh Imam (as a descendant of Ali) should
have been a son of Jafar al-Sadiq’s older son ______, and so they are called _________

A

Isma’il, Isma’ilis

98
Q

In Egypt, these people founded the _____ dynasty, named after Ali’s wife _______.

A

Fatimid; Fatimah

99
Q

What city in Egypt did the third caliph of this dynasty found and build?

A

Cairo

100
Q

Which caliph in Egypt was a “highly idiosyncratic Fatimid Imam” (c.996-1021).

A

Hakim

101
Q

What sect (now found in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel) believed this imam (Muhammad ibn Isma’il) was “divine”?

A

Druzes

102
Q

What famous Muslim warrior overthrew the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt?

A

Saladin

103
Q

The Nizari sect of Ismailis are led by a leader known as the ______ ______

A

Agha Khan

104
Q

The majority Shi’ites today are Twelver (or Imami) Shi’ites who believe the seventh
Imam was rightfully Jafar’s younger son _________.

A

Musa al-Kazim

105
Q

The Twelver/Imamis believe that the twelfth Imam was a boy named
___________________.

A

Muhammad b. al-Hasan

106
Q

[Read these pages on the Twelver/Imamis very carefully, to understand Shi’ism today.]

A

okay

107
Q

At the last day, the Twelfth Imam is supposed to return to earth with ____

A

Jesus

108
Q

According to Twelver/Imami Shi’ism, from the “occultation” (becoming hidden) of the
Twelfth Imam in 941 until his future return, who was to fulfill his role?

A

Scholars of the community

109
Q

Whom do the Alawis (Alawites) of Syria (a Shi’ite sect) regard as an incarnation of God?

A

Ali

110
Q

Which two faiths in Iran arose in the 1800s from the influence of the Shaykhis?

A

Babi and Bahai

111
Q

According to the title, Sufi is a _________ tradition.

A

mystical

112
Q

What kind of garment did early Sufis wear?

A

of coarse undyed wool

113
Q

This was in emulation of ____________.

A

Jesus

114
Q

When was the formative period of Sufism?

A

9th-11th centuries

115
Q

When did the crystallization of Sufism occur?

A

c. 1091

116
Q

Who was a primary personality in this crystallization?

A

al-Ghazali

117
Q

What is the dhikr devotional practice of Sufis?

A

“Remembrance” ceremony before certain prayers; repetition of God’s name, accompanied by movements

118
Q

What art is the sama devotional practice of the Mevlevi?

A

Music, chanting, and dance

119
Q

What are the people who practice this Mevlemi art devotional called?

A

“Whirling Dervish”

120
Q

What was a major external cause for the decline of Sufism?

A

Religious reform movements and Western secularist/rationalist influences; it was seen as irrational and unislamic

121
Q

In Islam, what are the two primary sources of theology?

A

Qur’an and prophetic tradition

122
Q

What were two indirect sources of that theology?

A

Christian theology; Iranian Manichean or Mazdakian dualism

123
Q

What was the question at issue concerning the Quran?

A

Whether it is co-eternal with God or created in time

124
Q

Other than prophethood, what did Shi’ites consider Ali and his descendants to be

A

The sole legitimate heirs of the Prophet in all things

125
Q

So whom did Shi’tes consider usurpers?

A

Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman (the caliphs before Ali)

126
Q

What is the gravest of sins for a Shi’te?

A

To die not knowing the Imam of his time

127
Q

What is the general Sunni belief about the Quran (regarding question #3 above)?

A

It is the eternal word of God

128
Q

Mutazili theology regards the Quran to have been

A

created as it was being sent down to Muhammad

129
Q

What does the Mutazili view require concerning anthropomorphic references to God?

A

They must be taken metaphorically

130
Q

What contributed to the decline of Mutazilism?

A

Sunnis vehemently opposed it

131
Q

Mutazilism insisted on absolute _______________________.

A

free will for human beings

132
Q

Predestination was the preferred view of Asharites like __________

A

al Ghazali

133
Q

Who were the first two major philosophers of Islam?

A

al-Kindi and al-Razi

134
Q

Razi (a Platonist) rejected the Quranic view of ________. He was considered a _____.

A

Creation out of nothing; heretic

135
Q

Al-Farabi, a later Muslim philosopher, felt society would realize its full potential if …

A

it were ruled by a prophet-philosopher

136
Q

In jahiliyya times polygyny (marriage with plural wives) was ________________.

A

Unregulated

137
Q

In the Quran and Islamic law, the basic assumption of the law is that a child belongs to …

A

the man who is in a legal sexual relation with the mother

138
Q

The Quran forbade all forms of polyandry (marriage with plural husbands), and woman
were required to abstain from ____________.

A

zina (adultery)

139
Q

Marriage is a contract between ___________ based on ___________.

A

husband and wife; mutual consent

140
Q

What did the Prophet say about divorce? _______________________

A

It is “the lawful act most hateful to God”

141
Q

Who has the exclusive and free right to divorce?

A

The man

142
Q

The Quran allows polygyny (plural wives) but limits it to …

A

four wives at a time; equal care for all wives

143
Q

Marriage in Islam – The duties of the wife include _______, _______, and ________

A

Maintaining the home, caring for the children, obeying her husband

144
Q

The husband’s duties are to …

A

Provide food, lodging, and clothing, and live amicably with his wife

145
Q

Obedience to the husband, meant above all, …

A

total restriction of the wife’s movement outside the home without her husband’s permission

146
Q

Until modern times the debate on the hijab centered on …

A

the seclusion of women

147
Q

An irrevocable divorce mandated in shariah is when either spouse renounces _______

A

Islam

148
Q

The Quran calls upon both women and men to behave ___________

A

modestly in both dress and decorum

149
Q

What element of Quranic verse Q 4.34 might seem problematic in the west?

A

Beating women

150
Q

The Quran instituted marriage for the sake of _______________

A

the family

151
Q

Who founded the Wahhabi movement? When and where?

A

al-Wahhab; 18th century, in the highlands of Arabia

152
Q

What did they attack and destroy, or try to destroy?

A

Muhammad’s tomb, and other sacred cities, tombs, and shrines

153
Q

After Ottoman defeat, who led revolution that resulted in the modern Turkish republic?

A

Mustafa Ataturk

154
Q

What did Ataturk ban? What did he dissolve? What was his aim?

A

Banned Sufi orders, dissolved Islamic religious institutions; to westernize Turkey and cut it off from its Islamic past

155
Q

Who founded the Muslim Brotherhood (Society of Muslim Brothers)? When and where?

A

Hasan al-Banna; in Egypt, in 1929

156
Q

Who banned the Brotherhood?

A

Nasser

157
Q

In Iran, the leader of scholars and jurists who were believed to have the Twelfth Imam’s
authority was called ________.

A

ayat allah (sign of God)

158
Q

Who was the ayatollah who led the Islamic revolution in Iran? When?

A

Khomeini, February 1979

159
Q

Muslims migrated to Europe as ___________, _________, and _________.

A

Students, visitors, and merchants

160
Q

Beginning in the nineteenth century __________ have been making conscious efforts to
recover their Islamic heritage

A

African Americans

161
Q

What did Elijah Muhammad found? _____________

A

Nation of Islam

162
Q

Current numbers of Muslims in the United States range from ______________

A

3 to 14 million

163
Q

What specific date does the author say a new era of Muslim and world history began?

A

September 11, 2001

164
Q

What does the author believe the contemporary resurgence of Islam is a
reaction to?

A

The creation of Israel

165
Q

How does the author suggest Muslims deal with the modern world?

A

Not through confrontation and conflict, but through diplomacy and patient dialogue.

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