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Question 1

what was Gesells maturation theory?

Answer 1

• 1940-50 normative approach
• observed large groups of children to find skills and abilities in each group

Question 2

what did gesells conclude from his research?

Answer 2

each group of children had a pattern/sequence of development that each child would progress through at different paces.

gesells wanted to establish milestones for each development and concluded that development was predetermined and the environment had little influence

Question 3

what is a criticism of gesells maturation theory?

Answer 3

not helpful in explaining individual delay, cultural differed and children with learning difficulties

Question 4

waht is mad head social learning theory?

Answer 4

• we learn how to behave by observing and internalising behaviour from others
• children are a blank slate and only have the ability to learn
•internalise behaviour by remembering observations and may reproduce behaviour depending on positive or negative reinforcement

Question 5

what is the process of banduras social learning theory?

Answer 5

• 2 groups of children watched a video one group watched an adult be aggressive to a bobo doll the other was non-aggressive version
• children then put into a room with the bobo doll
• group 1 copied actions of the adult and were aggressive towards the doll and came up with new ways to harm the doll like a toy gun
• group 2 didn’t play with the doll and played peacefully with other toys

Question 6

what is the diathesis stress model?

Answer 6

considers the influence of genetic and environmental factors on mental health
diathesis- predisposition to mental disorders due to abnormality in the brain
nurture- traumatic events in a persons life

Question 7

what is foetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 7

•drinking during pregnancy
• smaller and heads smaller due to poor brain development
• may have heart defects, learning difficulties and neurological problems

Question 8

what is ruebella?

Answer 8

• a maternal infection
•dangerous first month of life
• affects baby’s hearing, eye sight and heart
• most women are vaccinated

Question 9

what is cmv?

Answer 9

• a maternal infection
• spread by bodily fluids
•most people infected at some point in life but no symptoms occur

Question 10

how does lifestyle and diet affect a baby?

Answer 10

• affected by what mother eats during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• sugar and fat diet lead to high cholesterol and later hearts disease for the baby
• malnutrition/lack of healthy food leads to lifetime of poor health for the child

Question 11

what is spina bifida?

Answer 11

•congenital defect
• baby’s spine and spinal cord don’t develop properly due to folic acid in preganacy and causes a gap in the spine

Question 12

what are the PIES of spina bifida?

Answer 12

P- fluid on brain affects mobility -> paralysis

I- learning difficulties

E- low self esteem

S- trouble with friendships

Question 13

what does congenital mean?

Answer 13

a condition or train from birth. it’s genetic but include other factors.

Question 14

what factors can be responsible for congenital defects?

Answer 14

socio-economic - lack of access to sufficient nutritious food in pregnancy

environmental - working or living in polluted areas, excessive use of alcohol drugs and tobacco

infectious diseases during pregnancy pulse syphilis and rubella

Question 15

what is a genetic predisposition?

Answer 15

the possibility that you will develop a certain condition inherited by one or both parents

Question 16

what is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 16

both parents cry a recessive gene
defective protein resulting in mucus clogged lungs
chest and respiratory infections
physiotherapist helped clear mucus

Question 17

what is brittle bone disease

Answer 17

passes from parents or genetic mutation
children are higher risk of breaking/fracturing bones due to bone not developing because of lack of collagen.
physiotherapist assistive equipment and drug treatments to strengthen bones

Question 18

what is pku

Answer 18

rare disease
prevents child from breaking down amino acids found meat eggs etc
if consumed there will be a build up of harmful substances around brain
no cure
all babies immediately screened
treatments started immediately
would fail to meet milestones and developmental delay due to damaged brain - learning disability and death

Question 19

whaf is huntingtons disease?

Answer 19

an inherited neuro degenerative disorder
progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain
usually between 35 and 55
can affect muscle coordination mental decline behavioural changes struggle with perception awareness thinking and judgement
progress of disease is usually predictable
mood swings irritability communication issues, movement and fidgeting

Question 20

what is kelinfelters syndrome

Answer 20

extra X chromosome after baby conceived but it is not inherited
signs: baby is slow with reaching milestones may have undescended testicles, poor muscle power, delayed communication , difficulty socialising, expressing feelings which impacts emotional and social development leading to low self-confidence
mild learning difficulties such as lower attention span literacy issues, high rates of dyslexia and dyspraxia
onset of puberty is not affected treatment is available for low testosterone levels
most men are able to live independently and have careers and relationship relationships.

Question 21

what is down’s syndrome?

Answer 21

an extra chromosome
varying levels of learning disability, characteristic physical features and associated medical issues.
Majority of cases are not inherited instead of genetic mistake in the sperm of an egg.
There’s a higher risk if women is a 45+ giving birth
life expectancy is a roughly 50 to 60 years
higher rates of depression of the health conditions are hearing visual or heart problems
improved health and social care support and education provided independent opportunities.

Question 22

What is colour blindness?

Answer 22

colour vision deficiency
majority is a genetic condition its an abnormality in the retina (light sensitivity) although maybe result of other disease such as diabetes
important that way delivered services appropriate like colour schemes are used when printing information

Question 23

what is duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Answer 23

A group of inherited conditions gradually weakens muscles leading to a disability
caused by changes and genes responsible for structure and function of muscles (fibre)
genetic mutation on X chromosome past only to males
mutation prevents production of vital muscle protein (dystrophin) essential for building and repairing muscles
usually diagnosed at five years old by 12 they may need a wheelchair
fine motor skills are less affected survival beyond 30 was rare but research is beginning to improve this

Question 24

what makes a person susceptible to disease diseases?

Answer 24

According to the world health organisation most diseases involve environmental factors and interactions of many genes. An individual may not be born with a disease however their genetic makeup may make them more susceptible to acquiring later in life.

Question 25

what is diabetes?

Answer 25

A chronic condition affecting how the body processes sugar Regular physical activity helps control blood sugar levels and improve insulin effectiveness

Question 26

What is type one diabetes?

Answer 26

The bodies immune system attacks insulin producing cells in the pancreas specific chains related to immune system increase chance but not all people with this development so environmental factors like a viral infection may activate the immune system leading to autoimmune destruction for insulin producing cells and genetically predisposed people predisposition is necessary, but environmental triggers are required to cause the onset of diabetes

Question 27

what is type two diabetes?

Answer 27

The body becomes resistant/doesn’t produce enough. There’s a strong hereditary component with many genes linked to insulin production and glucose regulation higher chance if both parents have type two heavily influenced by environmental factors (lifestyle and diet) high sugar and unhealthy fats lead to obesity which is a major risk factor increased transfer usually the age of 45 from genetics perceptibility and age related factors like decrease in physical activities/weight gain. Genetic factors determine baseline risk.

Question 28

What is cancer?

Answer 28

• uncontrolled cell growth that invade and damaged surrounding tissues • some cancers caused by mutations from parents • errors in cell division or exposure to environmental factors such as carcinogens like tobacco smoke asbestos UV radiation damage DNA • viruses like HPV are associated with cancer development, cervical and throat • exposure to harmful chemical chemicals and radiation leads to mutations

Question 29

What is high blood cholesterol?

Answer 29

• alleviated levels of cholesterol in the blood which is a fatty substance that builds up in the arteries that’s needed of the building cells • FH is an inherited genetic condition that causes extremely high levels of cholesterol mutated gene affecting how the body processes it • it’s usually developed at a young age, regardless of cholesterol • high saturated fats and cholesterol in foods lacking fruits, vegetables and whole grains that regulate cholesterol levels • physical inactivity leads to weight gain which is a decrease in HDL (good cholesterol) • smoking lowers HDL and damages blood vessels leading to the cholesterol building easily • excessive alcohol equals weight gain • cholesterol rises with age. • Women tend to have lower levels before me.

Question 30

What happens if you’re exposed to pollution?

Answer 30

respiratory shoulders, tobacco, smoke and air pollution affects nerves and muscles used for breathing and lining up air passages it ranges from mild (Mose) to severe pneumonia, lung cancer Cardiovascular problems: smoking air pollution changes to lining of the heart and blood vessels which caused clots leading into heart attacks. Exposure during pregnancy leads to baby possibly getting congenital heart effects and cardiovascular disease later in life. Allergies: irritant such as dust and pollen causing the immune system to overreact such as hayfever and asthma

Question 31

what happens if you’re living in poor housing conditions

Answer 31

Respiratory disorders: overcrowding lack of heat poor ventilation causes damp mole homes leading to things like asthma and allergies babies young children and elderly are vulnerable Cardiovascular sores: overcrowding lead to growth problems and increased chances of heart disease later in life poor quality house leaves to stress and an increase in blood pressure ready-made meals and processed foods which are high in salt fountain and sugar increase heart disease Hypothermia: low income homes are unable to afford to heat the house. The lack of insulation link to rise in deaths. All the people are more likely to live in substance housing. anxiety and depression poor quality housing may cause stress anxiety and mental health issues living in substantial houses with rising fuel bills and overcrowding can lead to disturbed sleep which could lead to mental health issues

Question 32

What are the effects of not having accessibility to services?

Answer 32

availability of transport: living in remote areas might mean no public transport at all unreliable public transport results in late or missed appointments. Missed appointments have financial implications for health and social care services using hospital car parks can be expensive for people attending regular appointments or visiting relatives opening hours of services: some people might not have the same access to GP services as others recruitment of GPs and nurses may be difficult in deprived areas. Hospital and GP appointments during working hours are inconvenient. Several services have been introduced to improve access to primary care services 111 is the emergency service line 999 is A&E mental health crisis lines and pharmacy subscriptions that can be delivered People who do not access services: some groups of people find it difficult to access services such as homeless people enviable immigrants risk of certain disease diseases such as tuberculosis some families are getting regular with health checks and are vaccinated against certain infections like meningitis and measles, many people are reluctant to register with GP or are not registered

Question 33

What is a dysfunctional family?

Answer 33

I found that is not providing all the support and benefits associated with being a family

Question 34

What is secondary socialisation?

Answer 34

The process of learning appropriate behaviour in society in influences include education, media government and religion/culture

Question 35

what is primary socialisation?

Answer 35

The process of a child learning the norms attitudes and values of the culture and society in which they are growing up in

Question 36

how can parental divorce or separation affect development ? (social)

Answer 36

• children can experience emotional problems that may affect their self esteem leading to emotional distress and depression. • could lead to child being influenced by their peers. risky behaviours like smoking. •children of divorced parents are more likely to experience poverty and underachievement in education

Question 37

how can sibling rivalry affect development (social)

Answer 37

• constant exposure to high levels of conflict could lead to aggressive behaviour/bullying towards others. • Rosenthal and Doherty (1984): sibling rivalry often a result of bullying by their primary caregiver. • it’s a way for the child to gain a sense of control in a family in which they feel powerless in. • some parents encourage conflict and competition

Question 38

How can parenting styles affect development? (social)

Answer 38

Braumrind (1960’s) parenting styles • authoritative: not overly strict. taught to respect authority and develop boundaries • authoritarian: very high expectations that overwhelm children with rules. children often become rebellious. • permissive: parents make few demands and reluctant to implement roles into lives of children. children often lack sense of control. may have later problems with managing relationships and responsibilities. • parents experiencing mental health problems may find it difficult to meet needs of their children

Question 39

how can bullying affect development? (social)

Answer 39

• reasons for bullying: race, religion, looks etc. long term affects in a persons self esteem which can last into adulthood. • development for development (DfE) provides advice and guidance to educational settings on how to deal with bullying behaviour • by law all state schools must have a behaviour policy to deal with bullying and also workplaces. •impacts emotional development may cause child to feel unsafe, lonely etc. for some self harm is a way of releasing feelings of guilt, self-loathing, distress and emotion pain. the behaviour is usually hidden.

Question 40

how do culture, religion and beliefs affect development? (medical interventions)(social)

Answer 40

• jehovah’s don’t allow blood transfusions. some doctors have to take legal proceedings to ensure children can receive a life saving blood transfusion. they accept most other procedures. • some cultures make their own remedies before coming to healthcare system only in crisis (eg chinese use traditional herbal remedies) pointe tips l for these to interact with medication of not discoloured this info. • muslim women seen female medical assistance • certain religions/ groups believe in power of prayer and seek no formal medical attention