B Flashcards by Ebony Martin

Staph aureus coagulase test

positive

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Staph Aureus diseases

Boils, soft tissue infections, food poisoning and septicaemia

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Staph aureus commensal of

Nose, hairline, groin

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B-lactamase processes make staph aureus resistant to penicillin or methicillin?

Penicillin. MRSA resistant to methicillin through another mechanism.

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Coagulase negative staphylococci are?

Skin commensals that cause infection in those with prothesis, immunosuppressed, neonates and the elderly.

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What colour do alpha-haemolytic streptococci turn blood agar, green or clear?

Green as partial haemolysis.

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Alpha haemolytic bacteria include?

Streptococci pneumonia and viridian’s streptococci.

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Streptococci pneumoniae cause?

Septicaemia, meningitis, pneumonia.

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Infective endocarditis is what? And what is it caused by?

Infection of the heart valves and caused by viridian’s streptococci.

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What is a group A streptococci?

Streptococcus pyogenes

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Streptococci Pyogenes causes

Sore throats, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitus.

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Group B streptococci alalactiae causes

Neonatal sepsis, meningitis and bactaremia. found in genital tract of 25% of women.

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Group D streptococci

Enterococcus faecalis and faecium are often non-haemolytic, cause UTI and are a gut commensal.

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Clostridium difficult causes

diarrhoea through toxin production and pseudomembranous colitis.

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Clostridium difficile in hospital environment

Detected through toxins and antigens in faeces by ELISA and spreads via spores in hospital

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Clostridium Perfringes is found?

In the soil and as a gut and faeces commensal.

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Food poisoning through enterotoxin producing strains, and infections in major wounds including gas gangrene is caused by?

Clostridium Perfringes

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Clostridium tetani causes

Tetanus, loss of inhibition at NMJ. Vaccine uses antigenic ally modified toxin (toxoid)

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Clostridium Botulinum and anthracis?

cause botox and anthrax, common in IV drug users and may be used in biological warfare.

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Gram negative cocci includes

Neisseria spp. and moraxella catarrhalis

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Neisseria meningitides causes

Meningitis-Inflammation of the meniges

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Neisseria meningitides causes concern when

isolated from a sterile site, PCR can be done on EDTA bloods for conformation.

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Neisseria gonorrhoea causes

urethritis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in females. spread sexually.

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Moraxella catarrhalis causes

Respiratory tract infections- especially common in those with underlying lung pathologies.

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What family are coliforms (gram negative bacilli) in?

Enterobacteriaceae

What usually inhabits the human gut and is identified by lactose fermentation in a preliminary test?

Gram negative bacilli.

E.coli virulence, reservoirs, lactose, serotypes?

several virulence mechanisms: pili, capsule, endotoxin and exotoxins, lactose fermentor, over 160 serotypes based on O antigen.

Common travellers diarrhoea is most commonly cause by:

enterotoxogenic e.coli.

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli cause

bloody diarrhoea, haemolytic uraemia syndrome

Does salmonella ferment lactose?

nope

Salmonella enterica causes(>1500 serotypes):

self-limiting enterocolitis, with or without bloody diarrhoea. can be invasive.

Salmonella typhi(isolated from blood culture and faeces)

cause of typhoid fever, fever and constipation in early stages. travel risk.

Shigella spp

diarrhoea, dysentry. travel.

Klebsiella spp.

occasional UTI and pneumonia

Proteus spp.

UTI often accompanied by stone.

curved gram negative bacilli

campylobacter spp and helicobacter pylori

campylobacter causes

foul smelling diarrhoea turns bloody

campylobacter infection

fecal oral route, source is domestic animals-chicken

campylobacter oxygen conditions

low oxygen conditions microaerophillic

Common cause of ulcers

helicobacter pylori, damages mucous, live in human stomach

cocco-bacilli

haemophillus influenzae

capsulate form of haemophillus influenza formally cause of

meningitis, conjugate vaccine Hib now no longer a problem

haemophillis influenza causes

respiratory tract infection

pseudomonas spp transmission

soil and water, can infect medical equipment

Pseudomonas spp cause

hospital acquired cause of sepsis, pneumonia, UTI. sensitive to a limited range of antibiotics.

Anaerobes:

Bacteriodes spp. prevotella, porphyrmonas

Baceriodes fragilis:

part of normal colonic flora, causes inter abdominal abscess, potential for spread to other sites.

Oral anaerobes(prevotella, porphyromonas, pasteurella spp capnocytophyga spp)

cause dental abscesses, aspiration and pneumonia and arise in human and animal bite infections.

miscellaneous bacteria:

cannot be stained with gram stain or cultured by normal methods

Mycobacterium, spirochetes, chlamydia are all

miscellaneous bacteria

ZN stain used in

mycobacterium species

mycobacterium ID

culture required, automated liquid culture, 2-4 weeks molecular detection and ID.

TB and leprosy are caused by

mycobacterium

Rapid diagnostic nucleic acid amplification tests

diagnosing TB, where info about mycobacterial species would alter the persons care, large contact tracing initiative.

Long spiral shaped bacteria, not easily seen in light microscopy, not easily cultured, immunofluorescence, serology diagnosis

Spirochaetes

Spirochaete diseases

Syphilis, lyme disease, leptospirosis

Treponema pallidum causes

syphilis

lyme disease is caused by

borrelia burgdorferi

leptospira interrogans

leptospirosis

syphilis symptoms

primary: non painful skin lesions at site of infection (skin or mucous membranes) secondary syphilis (6-8weeks following primary) generalised systemic illness and rash latent phase:symptomatic episodes may occur Tertiary phase:CNS

congenital syphilis

still birth, neonatal death or disease

syphilis diagnosis

serology, nucleic acid amplification tests. managed w antibiotics, screening contact tracing.

lyme diseasenstage 1

skin rash at site of tick bite

stage 2 lyme disease

systemic illness in some patients, cardiac arrest neurological problems and musculoskeletal symptoms

stage 3 lymes

chronic disease, skin nervous system or joint abnormalities.

lyme diagnosis

serology and clinical assessment

Leptospirosis area of concentration

kidneys

how is leptospirosis spread

via urine and other body fluids and tissues

high risk for leptosprirosis

sewage workers and waterspouts people

clinical presentation of leptospirosis

wells disease- febrile illness with systemic upset, liver and renal failure, aseptic meningitis-105\mortality

Chlamydia Respiratory infection caused by

chlamydia pneumonia and chlamydia psittaci

Obligate intracellular bacteria, will not grow on agar, diagnosis by serology

chlamydia

chlamydia trachomatis causes

trachoma(tropical eye infections) genital and neonatal infections

ch;amydia trachoma's diagnosis

nucleic acid amplification tests or first void urine or vagina swabs

B Flashcards

(74 cards)