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BCBA > B. Concepts and Principles > Flashcards

B. Concepts and Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Observational Learning

A

learner decides whether or not to copy a behavior based on the behavior’s observed consequence

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2
Q

Imitation

A

-learner copies behavior of an instructor
-without prior learning

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3
Q

Promoting Emergent Relations

A

promote learners ability to apply learned skills to form novel and untrained responses

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4
Q

Divergent Control

A

-one antecedent variable affects the strength of many intraverbal, mand, and tact responses
-red = hot, fire, spicy

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5
Q

Convergent Control

A

-one verbal behavior has more than one source of control (function)
-mand + tact, intraverbal + tact

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6
Q

Multiple Control

A

a single verbal response is simultaneously influenced by multiple variables of sources of control

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7
Q

Contingency Shapes Behaviors

A

behavior controlled by contact with environmental contingencies through trial and error learning

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8
Q

CMO’s

A

Conditioned Motivating Operants
-Surrogate - NS paired with MO
-Reflexive - signal that aversive stimulus is coming
-Transitive - environmental variable that establishes another stimulus as reinforcer (problem solving to get to reinforcer)

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9
Q

UMO’s

A

Unconditioned Motivating Operants
-food, water, sleep, activity, oxygen, sex deprivation or satiation
-hot, cold, pain

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10
Q

Rule Governed Behavior

A

behavior controlled by a verbal or written description of a contingency rather than by direct experience

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11
Q

Function-Altering Effect

A

Function = Future
-when a consequence for a behavior in the presence of an MO changes the behavior evoked by the MO in the future

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12
Q

Abolishing Operation

A

-in-the-moment decrease in current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus
-decrease in behavior that is being reinforced

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13
Q

Establishing Operation

A

-in-the-moment increase in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus
-increase in behavior that is being reinforced

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14
Q

Motivating Operations

A

environmental or internal conditions that alter value of reinforcer or punishment

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15
Q

Response Maintenance

A

response should remain in repertoire after intervention

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16
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

-learner responds to antecedent stimuli that are similar to the original SD
-more than 1 stimuli

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17
Q

Response Generalization

A

-learner exhibits novel responses that are functionally the same as the target behavior
-more than 1 response

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18
Q

Stimulus Descrimination

A

-when an individual learns to respond differently to various stimuli based on a history of reinforcement
-traffic light

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19
Q

Faulty Stimulus Conrtol

A

-irrelevant stimulus controls the bahavior

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20
Q

Overselective Stimulus Control

A

focusing on a minor feature of a stimulus interferes with a complete understanding of that stimulus

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21
Q

Discriminated Operant

A

behavior that occurs in some conditions more than others

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22
Q

Stimulus Control

A

-change in responding based on the presence, absence, or a change in the stimulus (SD) that precedes a response
-school bell, microwave beep, flashcards

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23
Q

Respondent Extinction

A

continued presentation of a CS without the US it was paired with, losing ability to elicit the CR

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24
Q

Negative Reinforcement Extinction

A

withholding access to escape/preventing escape contingency

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25
Automatic Reinforcement Extinction
withholding access to automatic reinforcement (sensory consequences)
26
Positive Reinforcement Extinction
-withholding attention or access when target behavior occurs -ignoring, attention, access to tangibles
27
Operant Extinction
-discontinuation of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior -there is no consequence
28
Discriminated Avoidance
-the arrival of a bad thing is signaled and the avoidance behavior prevents it -avoiding traffic
29
Avoidance Contingency
-when a response prevents or postpones an aversive stimulus -get away from it before it comes
30
Escape Contingency
-when behavior leads to the termination of an ongoing aversive stimulus or unpleasant situation -it's already happening and you need to get out of it
31
Ontogenic
-operant -learned behaviors as a result of one's history
32
Arbitrary Stimulus Class
-group of stimuli that don't share features, but evoke the same response -fruits, 50%, synonyms
33
Feature Stimulus Class
-group of stimuli with different topographical forms but evoke the same response -stimulus generalization -dog breeds
34
Functional Stimulus Class
-based on their effect on behavior -one stimulus can have more than one function -blanket, sweater, heater
35
Temporal Stimulus Class
-based on when the stimuli occur in relation to the behavior -antecedents and consequences
36
Formal Stimulus Class
-similar physical features -size, shape, color -can be socially mediated (requests from parents, loud noises)
37
Exteroceptors
stimulation from 5 senses
38
Response
a single instance or occurrence of behavior
39
Respondent Conditioning
-classical, Pavlov, stimulus pairing -CS -> CR -pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus -pairing not learning, elicited -NOT maintained by consequences
40
Functional Definition
-designed according to effect on the environment -can be used to describe a response class -what is maintaining the behavior?
41
Topographical Definition
-identifies the shape or form -what it looks like
42
Response Class
-group of behaviors that have the same function and same affect on the environment -topographically different, but functionally similar
43
Conditioned Reinforcers and Punishers
-stimuli that has been paired with reinforcers and punishers and begin to function that way -RBT gives snack -pulled over for speeding, extra homework
44
Unconditioned Reinforcers and Punishers
-increase/decrease behavior without any prior learning or conditioning -food/water -loud noises, physical pain, bad smells
45
Mixed Schedules of Reinforcement
-2 or more schedules successively and independently for 1 behavior, but change is not signaled -promotes generalization -1 behavior, No SD, any order
46
Chained Schedules of Reinforcement
-2 or more schedules presented successively -1 ends, signaling beginning of the next -teaching fetch - get the ball, bring it back -1+ behavior, SD, in order
47
Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement
-2 or more schedules, in any order for only 1 behavior -one during school, one at home -1 behavior, SD, any order
48
Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
-2 or more contingencies are available for reinforcement simultaneously for 2+ behaviors -opportunity to choose (matching law) -2+ behaviors, SD, choice
49
CRF
Continuous Reinforcement -every time the target behavior occurs -for new skills
50
Generalized Reinforcers and Punishers
-stimuli that has been paired with an unlimited number of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers/punishers -money, tokens, fines, reprimands, scowls
51
LH
Limited Hold -limits amount of time the reinforcement is available after an interval -limited time to respond
52
FI
Fixed Interval -a fixed amount of time must elapse before reinforcement for a correct response -larger intervals, lower rates of response -scallops
53
FR
Fixed Ratio -fixed number of responses have to occur before reinforcement -larger the ratio, higher rate of responding -steps
54
INT
Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement -some instances are reinforced -strengthens established behaviors
55
Free-Operant Avoidance
-no signal -behavior occurs to prevent the onset of aversive stimulus without signal -traffic avoidance without checking map
56
Respondent Behavior
-reflex, unconditioned response, elicited without any prior learning -US-> UR -not maintained by consequences
57
Automaticity of Reinforcement (& Punishment)
-how reinforcement and punishment increase and decrease, behavior without a person's awareness of the contingency -eating at a restaurant over and over
58
SDP
-discriminative effects of punishment -signals availability of punishment, so behavior decreases
59
SR
Reinforcement Contingency
60
VI
Variable Interval -average amount of time must elapse before reinforcement is available -low to moderate rate of response -larger intervals, lower rates -steady, not steep
61
VR
Variable Ratio -variable number of responses have to occur before the reinforcer is delivered -higher requirements produce higher response rate -steep graph
62
Socially Mediated Contingency
-behavior that is reinforced by actions/responses of others -praise, high five after a race, earning a raise
63
Automatic Punishment Contingency
-behavior is followed by punishment from ones self to decrease future frequency -snapping rubber band around your wrist to decrease cursing
64
Automatic Reinforcement Contingency
-behavior that is reinforced by its own sensory/physical consequences -scratching, twirling, tapping, cooking dinner, turning on the AC
65
Stimulus Class
group of stimuli that share common features and evoke the same response/behavior
66
Stimulus
-single event or object in the environment that affects behavior -antecedent or consequence -internal or external
67
Habituation
-when a US is presented repeatedly over a short time, respondent behavior diminishes -watching a war movie with loud noises
68
Interoceptors
-receive stimulation from organs -stomach ache, hunger, heart rate
69
SP
Punishment Contingency
70
Proprioceptors
-receive stimulation from joints, tendons, and muscles -movement and balance -dizziness
71
Operant Behavior
-learned behavior -behavior whose consequences modify and control its occurrance -emitted or evoked - NOT elicited -maintained by consequences
72
SDelta
-Stimulus Delta -a stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past and likely will not in the future
73
SD
Discriminative Stimulus -reinforcement is available -reinforcing a behavior in the presence of 1 stimulus and not others
74
Operant Conditioning
-ABC, 3 term contingency -behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences
75
Phylogenic
-genetically inherited behavior, product of evolution -Pavlov
76
Contingency Contracts
-relationship between a behavior and access to specific reinforcer -reinforcement -rules -response prompting
77
Group Contingencies
-Independent - each meet to access their own -Interdependent - whole group -Dependent - Hero Procedure
78
Premack Principle
-if they want to do something, they will perform a less desirable activity first to get to the more desirable activity
79
Matching Law
-behavior occurs in direct proportion to the distribution of reinforcement -choice between behaviors -behavior goes where reinforcement flows
80
Mand
The speaker asks/requests for an item that they need or want
81
Tact
Speaker names things and actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes
82
Echoic
Speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker
83
Transcription
Writing and spelling words that are spoken
84
Intraverbal
Speaker differentially responds to the verbal behavior of others
85
Textual
Reading, without any implications that the reader understands what is being read
86
Solecistic Tact Extension
Doesn't appear to be connected to the nonverbal SD, doesn't make sense
87
Metaphorical Tact Extension
Metaphors and figurative language, abstract
88
Metonymical Tact Extension
An irrelevant feature of the original stimulus has acquired stimulus control
89
Generic Tact Extension
A novel stimulus that shares all of the defining features of an original stimulus ( skittles and m&ms)
90
Autoclitic
clarifies or supports the goal of the primary verbal behavior (adds detail, second meaning)

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