B&I

Question 1

What does cyanide (CN) do to your body?

Answer 1

Targets Cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria which is essential for respiration.

Question 2

What is the colour of blood containing oxyhemoglobin?

Answer 2

Bright red [normal oxygenated blood]

Question 3

What is the colour of blood containing carbamihaemoglobin?

Answer 3

Dark red [venous blood]

Question 4

What is the colour of blood containing carboxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 4

Cherry red [carbon monoxide poisoning]

Question 5

What is the colour of blood containing cyanohaemoglobin?

Answer 5

Pink [cyanide poisoning]

Question 6

Normal pH of blood is?

Answer 6

7.4 +/-0.2

Below 0.2 over is acidosis
Over 0.2 over is alkalosis

Question 7

Buffer of blood?

Answer 7

Albumin, phosphate, bicarbonate, creatinine etc

Question 8

What is an electrolyte essential to coagulation pathway?

Answer 8

Ca2+

Question 9

What is the major component of complement proteins?

Answer 9

C3

Question 10

What factor is missing from the most common form of haemophilia?

Answer 10

Factor VIII (8)

Question 11

What is the main purpose of complement?

Answer 11

To tag things that do not look like self

Question 12

What do megakaryocytes do? List both names

Answer 12

Produces platelets (divides into?) Or also known as thrombocytes

Question 13

What is the function of GM-CSF?

Answer 13

Stimulates production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.

Question 14

What produces GM-CSF?

Answer 14

Macrophage, T cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblast

Question 15

What produces EPO?

Answer 15

Kidney (adulthood)

Liver (perinatal)

Question 16

What is the function of erthropoietin?

Answer 16

Drives production of erythrocytes.

Question 17

What is the function of G-CSF?

Answer 17

Produced by many different cells.

Stimulates production of granulocytes buy also acts to mature neutrophils.

Question 18

What blocks peptidoglycan synthesis?

Answer 18

B-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin

Question 19

What are pseudopods?

Answer 19

Temporary arm like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that are developed in the direction of movement. In phagocytosis we see it in neutrophils

Question 20

The _______ the affinity, the more molecules it takes per unit volume to associate and to dissociate slowly.

Answer 20

Lower

Question 21

Where is the complementarity determining region?

Answer 21

The loop region of the antigen binding site

Question 22

Which organ are T cells produced in and where do they mature?

Answer 22

Bone marrow, thymus

Question 23

Which organ are B cells produced in and where do they mature?

Answer 23

Bone marrow, secondary lymphatic organs : spleen and lymph nodes

Question 24

What is a neo antigen?

Answer 24

A vital or altered self antigen. Expressed by MHC class I (II?) Molecules picked up from inside the cell to CTL

Question 25

Why are CD4 and CD8 (co receptors, accessory molecules) crucial to immune activation?

Physically associated to TcR
Co expressed with TcR (not variable)

Answer 25

They have intracellular tyrosine kinases associated with their cytoplasmic tails that initiate T cell signalling through phosphorylation.

Question 26

What is oedema?

Answer 26

Swelling (caused by leakage of fluid into spaces between cells)

Question 27

What is the main cause of oedema/swelling?

Answer 27

Histamine

Question 28

What do microbes produce to inhibit the complement cascade?

Answer 28

Virulence factor

Question 29

What is the name of the process of clot dissolving due to plasmin?

Answer 29

Thrombolysis