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Biology > B1 1 Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1 1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards

0
Q

What are carbohydrates, fats and proteins used for?

A

To release energy and to build cells.

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1
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A healthy diet which contains the right balance of the different foods you need and the right amount of energy.

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2
Q

Minerals and vitamins are needed in 1)…… ……for the body so that it can 2)…… ……

A

1) Small amounts

2) Function healthily

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3
Q

What do you call a person if they don’t have a balanced diet?

A

Malnourished

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4
Q

What can unbalanced diets lead to?

A

Becoming overweight or deficiency diseases.

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5
Q

When does a person lose mass?

A

When the energy content taken is less than the energy content expended by the body.

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6
Q

What does exercise do to the body?

A

It increases the amount of energy expended by the body.

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7
Q

What is meant by metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which chemical reactions take place in body cells.

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8
Q

What can effect the metabolic rate?

A
  • Inherited factors
  • Amount of activity
  • Proportion of muscle to fat
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9
Q

What effects cholesterol levels?

A

• Inherited factors

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10
Q

Who is more healthier, a person who does more exercise or a person who does less exercise?

A

Someone who does more exercise.

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11
Q

What are microorganisms which cause disease called?

A

Pathogens

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12
Q

What do bacteria and viruses do to make us ill? Moreover, what do viruses do?

A

They reproduce rapidly inside the body and produce toxins. Viruses damage cells while they reproduce.

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13
Q

What cells help defend against pathogens?

A

White blood cells

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14
Q

How to white blood cells help defend against pathogens?

A
  • Ingesting pathogens
  • Producing antibodies
  • Producing antitoxins
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15
Q

What are antibodies? What are antitoxins?

A

Antibodies destroy particular bacteria or viruses; produced by white blood cells.
Antitoxins counteract the toxins released by the pathogens.

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16
Q

How do white blood cells recognise that a pathogen has entered the body?

A

The microorganisms would not own an antigen which is known to the white blood cells.

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17
Q

What produces white blood cells to produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen?

A

The immune system

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18
Q

What can lead someone becoming immune towards a particular pathogen?

A

Vaccinations

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19
Q

If a larger population becomes immune towards a pathogen, what happens to the spread of the pathogen?

A

It gets reduced

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20
Q

What did Semmelweis recognise about the importance of hand-washing?

A

It prevented the spreading of infectious diseases.

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21
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

They help to relieve the symptoms of the infectious disease; it doesn’t kill the actual pathogen.

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22
Q

What is an antibiotic? Give an example.

A

It is a medicine which helps cure bacterial diseases by killing infectious bacteria inside the body. Penicillin is an example for this.

23
Q

Why can’t antibiotics be used for viral infections?

A

Since viruses live and reproduce inside body cells and the cells can be damaged as well as the pathogen.

24
Q

What is a resistant strain of bacteria?

A

Bacteria which is resistant to certain antibiotics.

25
Q

Give an example of a resistant strain of bacteria.

A

MRSA

26
Q

How do resistant strains of bacteria develop?

A

Due to natural selection, a mutation in the DNA occurs and those will survive. They will have no competition with other bacteria for survival therefore rapidly grow. Mutations will occur again and everything continues.

27
Q

How can you prevent the spread of resistant bacteria?

A
  • Avoiding overuse of antibiotics - only using antibiotics for serious diseases
  • Avoiding misuse - antibiotics should be used for the full course
  • Hygiene; washing hands properly
28
Q

Do antibiotics kill a group of bacteria or individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain?

A

Individual pathogens

29
Q

How does the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria effect the development of new antibiotics?

A

It necessitates the development of the new antibiotics.

30
Q

What is given to people as a vaccination and what does it include?

A

A vaccine. It includes small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the disease causing pathogen.

31
Q

What do vaccines stimulate the white blood cells to do?

A

To produce antibodies that destroy the pathogens.

32
Q

How do the white blood cells react when a pathogen enters the body and the person has already been given a vaccination for it?

A

The white blood cells will rapidly react and produce the correct antibodies, in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease.

33
Q

What does the MMR vaccine help protect against?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella

34
Q

What should cultures be like when investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics?

A

Uncontaminated

35
Q

What must be done to Petri dishes and culture medias (agar) before use to avoid contamination?

A

They must be sterilised.

36
Q

What must be done to inoculating loops before passing it through the flame and before using them to transfer the microorganisms to the media?

A

Before passing through flame: sterilised

Before transferring: cooled

37
Q

What is the maximum temperature that cultures should be incubated at in school and college laboratories? Why?

A

25*C

It greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans.

38
Q

In industrial conditions higher temperatures (35 - 40*C) are used, why is these temperatures used?

A

For more rapid growth.

39
Q

What does BMI stand for? What is it’s formulae?

A

Body Mass Index
Mass in kg
————-
(Height in metres) squared

40
Q

What will amount of each food group depend on?

A

Lifestyle

41
Q

Why are muscles important in transferring energy?

A

Tissues transfer more energy than fat.

42
Q

What is fat needed for?

A

Insulation and to cushion internal organs.

43
Q

What balances out the levels of healthy and unhealthy cholesterol?

A

Liver

44
Q

What is cholesterol needed for?

A

For making vital hormones and for cell membranes.

45
Q

How is the skin defended from pathogens?

A
  • If there’s a cut, blood cells (platelets) form a clot and dry into a scab.
  • Mucus and cilia traps them and are linings of lungs and tubes.
  • Enzymes in saliva and tears.
  • Stomach acid
46
Q

What are the ways in which pathogens can enter our body?

A

A break in your skin
Droplet infection
Contaminated food and drink
Direct contact

47
Q

What disease can be caused by a break in your skin and what causes it?

A

HIV/Aids and Hepatitis

Cuts, scratches and sharing needles.

48
Q

What disease can be caused by a droplet infection and what causes it?

A

Colds, flu, tuberculosis

Sneezes ad coughs spread pathogens for others to breath in.

49
Q

What disease can be caused by contaminated food and drink and what causes it?

A

Cholera, diarrhoea, salmonellosis

When eating raw or uncooked foods, drinking water containing sewage.

50
Q

What disease can be caused by direct contact and what causes it?

A

Impetigo
STI’s
When someone’s skin touches another person’s skin.

51
Q

What are white blood cells that ingest pathogens called?

A

Phagocytes

52
Q

What are white blood cells which produce antibodies called?

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

What do bacteria need in order to survive and where is it found?

A

They need oxygen, warmth, water, essential minerals and carbohydrates for energy. These are all found in agar.

54
Q

What can be used to keep things sterile?

A

Heat (autoclave), chemicals and ultraviolet or gamma radiation.

Biology (7 decks)

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